Kettering review - Section E Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | Already Graded A

Kettering review - Section E Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | Already Graded A Name the 4 primary variables used alongside positive pressure mechanical ventilation. They include Trigger variable, Control or target variable, Limit variable, and Cycling variable. Define the Trigger variable in positive pressure ventilation. It's the parameter that initiates the inspiratory phase of a positive pressure breath. Explain volume control (VC) or volume target in mechanical ventilation. In volume control, the respiratory therapist sets the volume to be delivered. Describe pressure control (PC) or pressure target in mechanical ventilation. In pressure control, the respiratory therapist sets the pressure to be delivered. Describe the components of a limit variable in positive pressure ventilation. It establishes a maximum value that a variable (pressure, volume, time, flow) can reach during inspiration. Inspiration continues until terminated by the control/target variable or a backup cycling variable, resulting in a plateau. Define the Cycling variable in positive pressure ventilation. It's the variable that terminates the inspiratory phase of a positive pressure breath. List the 4 types of cycling variables available in positive pressure ventilation. They are Volume cycled, Pressure cycled, Time cycled, and Flow cycled. State the 3 breath types available in positive pressure ventilation. They include Spontaneous breaths, Mandatory breaths, and Assisted breaths. Name the components typically found in a standard ventilator circuit. These include the Inspiratory limb, Expiratory limb, Wye adaptor, Nebulizer (optional), and Humidifier. What action should you take regarding ventilator circuits on a regular basis? They should not be changed unless the circuit is significantly contaminated or malfunctioning. If a ventilator fails to cycle, what should you check first? Check the power supply. When troubleshooting a ventilator, what initial action should you always take? Provide manual ventilation first! What are some potential causes of a low pressure alarm on a ventilator? These include patient disconnection, circuit leaks, insufficient flow, and leaks in the ETT or tracheostomy tube cuff. What are some potential causes of a high pressure alarm on a ventilator? These can include patient airway obstructions (such as ETT issues or pneumothorax), equipment obstructions (like a blocked vent circuit). What might cause a low exhaled volume alarm on a ventilator? This could result from patient disconnection from the ventilator circuit or a decrease in spontaneous tidal volume. How can volume, pressure, and flow be accurately verified in a ventilator system? Volume is verified using a spirometer, pressure with a mercury or water manometer, and flow with a rotameter. Describe phase 1 of MV Recommend/initiate MV Recommend/select initial vent settings Describe phase 2 of MV Monitor the pt recieving MV Recommend/initiate changes to vent settings Identify & correct problems w/ the pt &/or vent Describe phase 3 of MV Assess the pt's readiness to wean Implement weaning procedures Monitor the pt during weaning List & describe the 4 indications for continuous MV 1.) Apnea - not breathing (observation) absolute indication 2.) Acute vent failure/ acute resp failure - insufficient spontaneous ventilation to maintain PaCO2 & PaO2 3.) Impending vent failure - trend of rising PaCO2 &/or decreasing VT, VC, MIP (asthma) 4.) Oxygenation - to reduce WOB (if PaCO2 is normal, O2 can be supported w/ O2 therapy/CPAP VC normal, acceptable, unacceptable range mL/kg Adult = 3 - 7 L Normal = 65 - 75 mL/kg (10 x VT) Acceptable = >/= 10 mL/kg (2 x VT) Unacceptable = < 10 mL/kg (<2 x VT) *< 1L = vent time* MIP normal, acceptable, unacceptable range Normal = 80 cwp Acceptable = 20 cwp Unacceptable = < 20 cwp *-19 cwp = vent time* RR normal, acceptable, unacceptable range Normal = 12 - 20 Acceptable = 8 - 20 Unacceptable = > 20 or < 8 Spontaneous VT normal, acceptable, unacceptable range Normal = 5 - 8 mL/kg Acceptable = >/= 5 mL/kg Unacceptable = < 5 mL/kg