SLCC Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions and Answers Fully Solved 100%

-carcinoma - suffix for malignant tumors of epithelial origins -oma - suffix for benign tumors .09% - concentration of Isotonic normal saline 0.45% - concentration of hypotonic NS 1.5-3.0 - Normal range of Magnesium 135-145 - Normal Range of Sodium 22-26 - Normal HCO3- (renal) range of the body 3 months - How long do RBCs live? 3.5-5.0 - Normal Range of Potassium 3%, 6% - concentration of Hypertonic NS (2) 35-45 - Normal PCO2 (respiratory) range of the body 7.35-7.45 - Normal pH range of the body 8-10 days - How long do WBCs live?8.5-10.5 - Normal range of Calcium 80-100 - Normal PaO2 range of the body A - A nursing order, "Increase fluid intake" is written for a client diagnosed with dehydration. Which finding BEST indicates improving fluid status? A. Urinary output of 1,500 mL in 24 hours. B. Serum hematocrit 52%. C. Oral fluid intake of 900 mL in 24 hours. D. Blood pressure of 95/82. ABG - How to read an __________- STEP 1: Determine from the pH if the condition is ACIDOSIS or ALKALOSIS Below 7.35 = ACIDOSIS Above 7.45 = ALKALOSIS STEP 2: Determine from the CO2 and Bicarb if the condition is RESPIRATORY or METABOLIC saME direction = MEtobolic REverse = REspiratory Abrasion - Injury caused by rubbing/scraping resulting in the loss of epidermis/dermis. Acidosis - Cause of Acid/Base Imblance - Acidosis or Alkalosis? Metabolic Retained H+ or other acid (Chronic Renal Failure or Diabetic Ketoacidosis-DKA), crush injury that releases potassium into the blood stream (K+ becomes an acid), or in diarrhea ("base-out-the-butt").Acidosis - Cause of Acid/Base Imblance - Acidosis or Alkalosis? Respiratory Retained CO2 (lung insult/illness/injury - infection, COPD, trauma to lungs, etc.) Acidosis - pH below 7.35 Acidotic - Metabolic regulation of pH - The kidneys will excrete hydrogen ions [H+] to get rid of acid and retain Bicarbonate (a base) to neutralize acid. Acidotic - Respiration Regulation of pH - The lungs try to RAISE pH by "blowing off" CO2 (which makes a weak acid in the body - carbonic acid). This results in a KUSSMAUL (breathing pattern - deep rapid breathing). Acute inflammation - Focuses on removing the injury causing agent and limiting the extent of tissue damage. acute phase - Systemic inflammation - ______ _________ proteins Proteins provide protective functions made by liver. Fibrinogen- causes a high ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) C-reactive protein (CRP) - can be a marker for myocardial risk. Serum amyloid a protein (SAA) - provides cellular energy. Adjuvant - Control - Treatment given in addition to the primary treatment to make sure the cancer is eradicated. Ex Pt may receive chemotherapy or radiation in addition to surgery. Adult - Adult or pediatric cancer? 80% can be preventedAdult - Adult or pediatric cancer? 99% of cancer diagnoses Adult - Adult or pediatric cancer? Found during routine screening exams Adult - Adult or pediatric cancer? Intolerant of treatment Adult - Adult or pediatric cancer? Less responsive to chemo Adult - Adult or pediatric cancer? Mostly environmental causes Adult Stem Cells - undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ Adverse reactions of chemotherapy - GI Tract: The lining of the GI tract consists of fast growing cells; therefore, the entire GI tract is damaged by chemotherapy. Severe nausea/vomiting (CINV); Mucositis/stomatitis; diarrhea or constipation (bowel obstructions can cause death). BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION - Since the bone marrow contains fast-growing blood cells, Chemo can result in reduction of ALL blood components - RBC, WBC, and platelets. Secondary malignancies can be caused by the caustic chemotherapy agents used to treat the primary tumor. Alopecia: Hair loss because hair follicles are fast growing cells. Interestingly, both men and women report hair loss as one of the side effects they fear most after being diagnosed with cancer. Adverse reactions of radiotherapy - Skin burns GI Tract: Mucous membrane damage in particular.Bone marrow suppression: so look for s/s of ANEMIA, INFECTION, and BLEEDING as with chemotherapy). Alopecia: this has an enormous impact on the patient's body image and self-esteem. Alarm - What stage of stress general adaptation syndrome? -aware of the stress, CNS aroused. Body defenses mobilized, cortisol response-- SNS or flight or fight phenomena. Release of catecholamine and cortisol. Alkalosis - Cause of Acid/Base Imblance - Acidosis or Alkalosis? Metabolic Loss of H+ or other acid as in vomiting.