BIO100 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed

BIO100 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed **Cell Theory** - What defines cell theory? - All organisms consist of one or more cells. - Cells are the fundamental and smallest units of life. - Every new cell originates from a pre-existing cell. **Plasma Membrane** - Explain the plasma membrane. - It maintains the cell's distinct identity. **Cytoplasm and Organelles** - Define cytoplasm. - Cytoplasm includes semi-fluid material and organelles. - Define organelles. - Organelles are small compartments within cells that perform specific functions. **Genetic Material** - Describe DNA. - DNA carries hereditary information found within the nucleus of eukaryotes and freely in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. - Explain RNA. - RNA stores genetic information like DNA and catalyzes reactions similar to proteins. **Plasma Membrane Functions and Structure** - What are the functions of the plasma membrane? - It separates the cell's internal and external environments. - It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. - It enables cellular interactions with other cells. - Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. - The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward. - Proteins and other lipids are embedded within this bilayer. **Ribosomes** - What are ribosomes composed of, and what do they do? - Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein molecules. - They synthesize proteins by assembling amino acids. **Cell Types** - Which life forms are prokaryotic, and what are their key features? - Prokaryotic organisms include bacteria and archaea. - They lack a distinct nucleus (DNA is found in the cytoplasm). - Prokaryotes possess few organelles, primarily ribosomes, and have a cell wall. - Name main structures and organelles found in eukaryotic cells. - These include the nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton. **Endomembrane System** - Describe the endomembrane system and its components. - It consists of organelles involved in synthesizing, storing, and transporting molecules within the cell. - Key components include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and various vesicles. **Rough ER vs. Smooth ER** - Differentiate between rough ER and smooth ER. - Rough ER has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis. - Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is responsible for lipid synthesis and transport. **Golgi Complex**