Dear Students,
If you are aspiring for a distinguished career in Medical field, you can’t do anything
better than joining Takshila, a peerless, pioneering institution imparting quality
education for more than two decades.
We provide excellent course material, experienced and committed faculties and
management who have the reputation of building Takshila Institute into the most
trusted institution in the area of preparing students for competitive entrance
examinations, for admission in professional courses in India. That’s not all, we
diligently design the curriculum and compile the course material based on extensive
analysis of competitive exams as well as school curriculum over the years and the
latest developments in all the subjects.
I am certain you will take the golden step while planning your career move.
Best wishes,
N.K Gupta
(Managing Director)
Takshila Academy (P) Ltd.
TAKSHILA INSTITUTE 1
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
, “Takshila Institute is the brain child
of an Eminent Mathematician, Dreams
of veteran professors of Physics and
Chemistry and an emotion of a Leading
Medico. It is the only institute where
core faculty members are in Chemical
bonding with each other”.
Copyright reserved with TAKSHILA INSTITUTE (Unit of Takshila Academy (P) Ltd.)
This booklet or its part may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the
written permission from TAKSHILA INSTITUTE. Any infringements will be strictly dealtwith.
Published by TAKSHILA INSTITUTE for Private Circulation only. D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-85
Ph:- 011- 47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
Information contained in this book is derived from respected faculty members though every effort has been made to ensure accuracy. The publisher nor printer does not take any responsibility or liability
for any inconvenience expenses. loss or damage to anyone resulting from contents of this book. If any doubt should be clarified with respective subject faculty expert.
, MEDICAL MODULE - 2
CHEMISTRY – CLASS XI
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND
PERIODIC TABLE & PERIODIC PROPERTIES
CONTENTS
Topics Particulars Page No.
Chapter 1. Atomic Structure ............................................................... 4 - 66
1. Dalton's Atomic Theory .................................................................................................... 4
2. Some Important Definitions ............................................................................................. 6
3. Thomson's model of atom ............................................................................................... 10
4. Rutherford's particle experiment ................................................................................ 10
5. Electromagnetic Waves .................................................................................................. 13
6. Planck's Quantum Theory .............................................................................................. 15
7. Dual Nature of Light ....................................................................................................... 16
8. Photo Electric Effect ....................................................................................................... 16
9. Bohr's Atomic Model ....................................................................................................... 19
10. Dual Nature of Matter .................................................................................................... 26
11. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle ............................................................................... 29
12. Quantum Mechanics ...................................................................................................... 30
13. Quantum Numbers ........................................................................................................ 42
14. Rules for Filling of Orbitals ............................................................................................. 46
15. Stability of Half Filled and Completely Filled Orbitals ..................................................... 47
16. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 49
17. Answers ......................................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 2. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties ............................ 67 - 101
1. Developments of Periodic Table ..................................................................................... 67
2. Atomic Size .................................................................................................................... 76
3. Ionisation Energy ........................................................................................................... 79
4. Electron Gain Enthalpy .................................................................................................. 80
5. Electronegativity ............................................................................................................ 82
6. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 86
7. Answers ....................................................................................................................... 100
, CHAPTER
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1
Atom
A Tom (Greek word)
Not Divisible
Not divisible (According to Dalton)
Atoms is a Greek word
and its meaning is indivisible i.e. an ultimate particle which cannot be further subdivided.
John Dalton (1803-1808) considered that "all matter was composed of small particles called atoms".
1. DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY
This theory is based on law of mass conservation and law of definite proportions.
SALIENT FEATURE'S OF DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY
Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
Atoms of a particular element are alike but differ from atoms of other element.
Atom of each element is an ultimate particle and it has a characteristic mass but is structureless.
Atoms are indestructible i.e. they can neither be created nor be destroyed.
Atoms of elements take part in chemical reaction to form molecule.
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE'S
Atom has many types of particles i.e. electron, proton, neutron, positron, antiproton, neutrino,
meson, antineutrino etc. The main fundamental particles are electron, proton, neutron.
PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS :
Like ordinary light, cathode rays come out at right angles to the surface of cathode and travel in a
straight line normal to the cathode. It casts sharp shadows, if any opaque solid object is placed in
their path.
They rotate a light paddle wheel if placed in their path and thus shows mechanical effect i.e. they
have momentum and energy and therefore, mass. The cathode rays are material particles.
They are deflected in magnetic and electrical fields. The direction of deflection shows that they are
negatively charged.
Their velocities change with the applied voltage.
They penetrate through the metals and other substances and also produce flourescence.
An obstacle placed in the path of cathode rays is heated up and thus cathode rays possess heating effect.
Cathode rays on striking solid object of high melting point produce X-rays.
They affect the photographic plate.
They can ionise gases.
Their e/m is constant.
No cathode rays were produced when tube was completely evacuated.
4 TAKSHILA INSTITUTE
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
If you are aspiring for a distinguished career in Medical field, you can’t do anything
better than joining Takshila, a peerless, pioneering institution imparting quality
education for more than two decades.
We provide excellent course material, experienced and committed faculties and
management who have the reputation of building Takshila Institute into the most
trusted institution in the area of preparing students for competitive entrance
examinations, for admission in professional courses in India. That’s not all, we
diligently design the curriculum and compile the course material based on extensive
analysis of competitive exams as well as school curriculum over the years and the
latest developments in all the subjects.
I am certain you will take the golden step while planning your career move.
Best wishes,
N.K Gupta
(Managing Director)
Takshila Academy (P) Ltd.
TAKSHILA INSTITUTE 1
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
, “Takshila Institute is the brain child
of an Eminent Mathematician, Dreams
of veteran professors of Physics and
Chemistry and an emotion of a Leading
Medico. It is the only institute where
core faculty members are in Chemical
bonding with each other”.
Copyright reserved with TAKSHILA INSTITUTE (Unit of Takshila Academy (P) Ltd.)
This booklet or its part may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the
written permission from TAKSHILA INSTITUTE. Any infringements will be strictly dealtwith.
Published by TAKSHILA INSTITUTE for Private Circulation only. D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-85
Ph:- 011- 47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
Information contained in this book is derived from respected faculty members though every effort has been made to ensure accuracy. The publisher nor printer does not take any responsibility or liability
for any inconvenience expenses. loss or damage to anyone resulting from contents of this book. If any doubt should be clarified with respective subject faculty expert.
, MEDICAL MODULE - 2
CHEMISTRY – CLASS XI
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND
PERIODIC TABLE & PERIODIC PROPERTIES
CONTENTS
Topics Particulars Page No.
Chapter 1. Atomic Structure ............................................................... 4 - 66
1. Dalton's Atomic Theory .................................................................................................... 4
2. Some Important Definitions ............................................................................................. 6
3. Thomson's model of atom ............................................................................................... 10
4. Rutherford's particle experiment ................................................................................ 10
5. Electromagnetic Waves .................................................................................................. 13
6. Planck's Quantum Theory .............................................................................................. 15
7. Dual Nature of Light ....................................................................................................... 16
8. Photo Electric Effect ....................................................................................................... 16
9. Bohr's Atomic Model ....................................................................................................... 19
10. Dual Nature of Matter .................................................................................................... 26
11. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle ............................................................................... 29
12. Quantum Mechanics ...................................................................................................... 30
13. Quantum Numbers ........................................................................................................ 42
14. Rules for Filling of Orbitals ............................................................................................. 46
15. Stability of Half Filled and Completely Filled Orbitals ..................................................... 47
16. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 49
17. Answers ......................................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 2. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties ............................ 67 - 101
1. Developments of Periodic Table ..................................................................................... 67
2. Atomic Size .................................................................................................................... 76
3. Ionisation Energy ........................................................................................................... 79
4. Electron Gain Enthalpy .................................................................................................. 80
5. Electronegativity ............................................................................................................ 82
6. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 86
7. Answers ....................................................................................................................... 100
, CHAPTER
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1
Atom
A Tom (Greek word)
Not Divisible
Not divisible (According to Dalton)
Atoms is a Greek word
and its meaning is indivisible i.e. an ultimate particle which cannot be further subdivided.
John Dalton (1803-1808) considered that "all matter was composed of small particles called atoms".
1. DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY
This theory is based on law of mass conservation and law of definite proportions.
SALIENT FEATURE'S OF DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY
Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
Atoms of a particular element are alike but differ from atoms of other element.
Atom of each element is an ultimate particle and it has a characteristic mass but is structureless.
Atoms are indestructible i.e. they can neither be created nor be destroyed.
Atoms of elements take part in chemical reaction to form molecule.
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE'S
Atom has many types of particles i.e. electron, proton, neutron, positron, antiproton, neutrino,
meson, antineutrino etc. The main fundamental particles are electron, proton, neutron.
PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS :
Like ordinary light, cathode rays come out at right angles to the surface of cathode and travel in a
straight line normal to the cathode. It casts sharp shadows, if any opaque solid object is placed in
their path.
They rotate a light paddle wheel if placed in their path and thus shows mechanical effect i.e. they
have momentum and energy and therefore, mass. The cathode rays are material particles.
They are deflected in magnetic and electrical fields. The direction of deflection shows that they are
negatively charged.
Their velocities change with the applied voltage.
They penetrate through the metals and other substances and also produce flourescence.
An obstacle placed in the path of cathode rays is heated up and thus cathode rays possess heating effect.
Cathode rays on striking solid object of high melting point produce X-rays.
They affect the photographic plate.
They can ionise gases.
Their e/m is constant.
No cathode rays were produced when tube was completely evacuated.
4 TAKSHILA INSTITUTE
Corporate Off : D-11/148, Sec-8, (Opp. Metro Pillar 390), Rohini-110085 Ph:- 011-47155238, 9310378303, 9868445900
