Cardiovascular Function Overview exam with 100% correct answers 2024

Pulmonary circulation - ANSWER-Carries blood to and from lungs for gas exchange Systemic circulation - ANSWER-Carries blood through body to supply nutrients/remove waste Pericardium - ANSWER-Provides protection and support, surrounds the heart Myocardium - ANSWER-Heart's muscular layer Endocardium - ANSWER-Inner heart structures, including valves Four chambers - ANSWER-Two atria (receiving) and two ventricles (pumping) Deoxygenated blood - ANSWER-Blood low in oxygen content Tricuspid valve - ANSWER-Valve through which deoxygenated blood travels to right ventricle Left atrium - ANSWER-Chamber receiving oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins Mitral valve - ANSWER-Valve through which oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle Aortic valve - ANSWER-Valve through which blood exits the left ventricle into the aorta Pacemaker - ANSWER-Coordinates cardiac impulses and contractions Sinoatrial (SA) node - ANSWER-Originates impulses, typically at 60-100 bpm Atrioventricular (AV) node - ANSWER-Receives SA impulses, delays to allow ventricle filling Depolarization - ANSWER-Increase in electrical charge, leading to cardiac contraction Repolarization - ANSWER-Cellular recovery after depolarization Sinus rhythm - ANSWER-Pattern from SA node impulses Arrhythmias - ANSWER-Abnormal electrical variations in EKG Chemoreceptors - ANSWER-Detect chemical changes in the blood Baroreceptors - ANSWER-Detect heart and arterial pressure changes Blood Pressure - ANSWER-Force blood exerts on vessel walls, reflecting heart's work Systole - ANSWER-Cardiac work phase, top number in BP reading Diastole - ANSWER-Cardiac rest phase, bottom number in BP reading Pulse pressure - ANSWER-Difference between systolic and diastolic BP Cardiac output - ANSWER-Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (CO = SV x HR) Stroke volume - ANSWER-Blood ejected from the heart with each contraction Ejection fraction - ANSWER-Percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) - ANSWER-Force opposing blood flow in peripheral circulation Afterload - ANSWER-Pressure needed to eject blood from the heart Diagnosis of Heart Failure - ANSWER-Includes history, exam, EKG, and invasive electrophysiologic studies Treatment of Heart Failure - ANSWER-Involves antidysrhythmics, internal cardiac defibrillator, pacemaker, cardioversion, defibrillation, ablation, and trigger avoidance Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure - ANSWER-Sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and hypertrophy initially help but can perpetuate heart failure Systolic Dysfunction - ANSWER-Characterized by decreased contractility in heart failure Diastolic Dysfunction - ANSWER-Involves decreased filling of the heart in heart failure Left-sided Heart Failure - ANSWER-Results in pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and activity intolerance Right-sided Heart Failure - ANSWER-Leads to peripheral edema and weight gain Manifestations of Heart Failure - ANSWER-Depend on type/severity (graded I-IV) and indicate systemic or pulmonary fluid congestion Congenital Heart Defects - ANSWER-Structural heart issues present at birth, with various types like septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and tetralogy of Fallot Risk Factors for Congenital Heart Defects - ANSWER-Include heredity, genetic disorders, fetal substance exposure, and maternal health conditions Manifestations of Congenital Heart Defects - ANSWER-May include heart murmurs, dyspnea, cyanosis, fatigue, and difficulty gaining weight Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defects - ANSWER-Involves history, fetal ultrasound, echocardiogram, EKG, and chest X-ray Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects - ANSWER-Includes heart catheterization, surgery, transplant, and medications as necessary Aneurysm - ANSWER-Artery weakening leading to bulging, commonly in aorta or cerebral/femoral arteries Risk Factors for Aneurysms - ANSWER-Include congenital defects, atherosclerosis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, trauma, and advanced age Types of Aneurysms - ANSWER-Saccular (side bulge), fusiform (affects circumference), and dissecting (inner layer) Manifestations of Aneurysms - ANSWER-Depend on location/size and may include pulsating mass, pain, respiratory difficulty, and neurologic decline Diagnosis of Aneurysms - ANSWER-Involves examination and arteriography or other imaging techniques Treatment of Aneurysms - ANSWER-Focuses on eliminating/managing the cause through surgery Dyslipidemia - ANSWER-High blood lipid levels increasing chronic disease risk, classified by density and protein content Types of Lipoproteins - ANSWER-Include VLDLs, LDLs ('bad' cholesterol), and HDLs ('good' cholesterol) Manifestations of Dyslipidemia - ANSWER-Often asymptomatic until complications arise Diagnosis of Dyslipidemia - ANSWER-Involves cholesterol screening and lipid panels Treatment of Dyslipidemia - ANSWER-Incorporates diet, exercise, weight loss, medication, and complication management Atherosclerosis - ANSWER-Chronic inflammatory disease causing arterial wall thickening and obstruction Complications of Atherosclerosis - ANSWER-Include peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, thrombi, hypertension, and stroke Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis - ANSWER-Involves identifying contributing factors and complications Treatment of Atherosclerosis - ANSWER-Similar to dyslipidemia treatment, with additional procedures like angioplasty and bypass Hypertension - ANSWER-Prolonged high blood pressure leading to increased cardiac workload and afterload Risk Factors for Hypertension - ANSWER-Include age, ethnicity, lifestyle, diet, and medical history Types of Hypertension - ANSWER-Primary, secondary, and malignant hypertension Pregnancy-induced Hypertension - ANSWER-High BP during pregnancy, potentially leading to eclampsia and various complications Manifestations of Hypertension - ANSWER-Include fatigue, headache, malaise, and dizziness Complications of Hypertension - ANSWER-Range from atherosclerosis to renal damage and metabolic syndrome Diagnosis of Hypertension - ANSWER-Involves history, exam, multiple BP readings, EKG, and lab work Treatment of Hypertension - ANSWER-Follows JNC8 standards and emphasizes early detection and management Shock - ANSWER-Caused by decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation, leading to poor tissue perfusion Stages of Shock - ANSWER-Include compensatory, progressive, and irreversible stages Types of Distributive Shock - ANSWER-Neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic, cardiogenic, and hypovolemic shock