Alterations of Cardiovascular Function exam with complete solutions

What is systolic pressure? - ANSWER-pressure the blood is exerting against the artery walls when the heart beats What is diastolic pressure? - ANSWER-pressure the blood is exerting against the artery walls while the heart is resting between beats What is blood pressure determined by? - ANSWER-volume & viscosity of circulating blood cardiac output: amount of blood pumped ea. min elasticity (compliance) of blood vessels peripheral vascular resistance What is the regulation of BP in nerual? - ANSWER-short term RAPID baroreceptors chemoreceptors What is the regulation of BP in humoral? - ANSWER-short term INTERMEDIATE RAAS- angiotensin II Vasopressin (ADH) Catecholamines (epi/norepi) What is the regulation of BP in renal? - ANSWER-body fluid control system LONG TERM RAAS aldosterone What is dyslipidemia? - ANSWER-abnormal amount of lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) in the blood What is the primary cause of dyslipidemia? - ANSWER-genetic causes What is the secondary cause of dyslipidemia? - ANSWER-lifestyle & other causes (DM, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, obstructive liver disease, some meds) What is atherosclerosis? - ANSWER-thickening and hardening caused by accumulation of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on artery walls (plaque) obstructing blood flow What is the progressive development of atherosclerosis? - ANSWER-endothelial cell injury migration of inflammatory cells lipid accumulation & smooth muscle cell proliferation plaque structure What are the risk factors of atherosclerosis? - ANSWER-high cholesterol age, fam history of heart disease smoking, obesity, HTN, DM inactivity What does atherosclerosis result in? - ANSWER-inadequate perfusion, ischemia, necrosis What is acute arterial occlusion? - ANSWER-sudden event that interrupts arterial flow to the affected tissues or organs other causes: fat emboli, air bubbles in iv fluids What is acute arterial occlusion most often the result of? - ANSWER-rupture anf thrombosis of an atheroscelrotic plaque embolus from the heart or thoracic or abdominal aorta What are the s/s of acute arterial occlusion? - ANSWER-pain (acute onset, severe) pallor (pale) pilar sensation (coldness) pulselessness paresthesia (burning or prickling sensation) paralysis (complete or partial loss of muscle function) What is peripheral artery disease? - ANSWER-Atherosclerotic disease of the arteries that perfuse the extremities (almost always lower) causing ischemia What is the mild s/s of peripheral artery disease? - ANSWER-intermittent claudication (pain w/ exercise like walking) What is the severe (signs of ischemia) s/s of peripheral artery disease? - ANSWER-muscle atrophy (weakness) smooth, shiny skin w/ hair loss weak or absent popliteal or pedal pulses cold or numb toes pain at rest ischemic ulcers gangrene What is thromboangiitis obliterans? - ANSWER-inflammatory arterial disorder that causes thrombus formation What is thromboangiitis obliterans strongly associated w/? - ANSWER-smoking What is thromboangiitis obliterans characterized by? - ANSWER-the formation of thrombi filled w/ inflammatory and immune cells thrombi become organized and fibrotic results in permanent occlusion of portions of small- and medium- sized arteries in feet and hands What are the s/s of thromboangiitis obliterans? - ANSWER-pain, tenderness in the affected area diminished or absent peripheral pulses redness d/t dilated capillaries cyanosis (bluish color) d/t tissue ischemia sensitivity to cold What is raynaud disease/phenomenon? - ANSWER-functional disorder caused by intense vasospasm of the arteries and arterioles in the fingers and, less often, the toes What is the primary (disease) of raynaud disease? - ANSWER-vasospastic disorder of unknown origin What is the secondary (phenomenon) of raynaud phenomenon? - ANSWER-linked to diseases and conditions that directly damage the arteries and nerves in the hands and feet What are the s/s of raynaud disease/phenomenon? - ANSWER-cold painful fingers or toes color changes in skin in response to cold or stress numb, prickly feeling or stinging pain upon warming or relief from stress What is an aneurysm? - ANSWER-bulge or "ballooning" in the wall of an artery (less common of veins) What are the causes of an aneurysm? - ANSWER-atherosclerosis hypertension congenital defects trauma infections What are the s/s of an aneurysm? - ANSWER-depends on location aortic: usually non until rupture - sudden intense abdominal or lower back pain brain: sudden severe headache, n/v, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, seizure, loss of consciousness, death What are varicose veins? - ANSWER-pooling of blood in superficial veins causing twisted, enlarged (dilated) veins What are varicose veins caused by? - ANSWER-injury or disease damaging valves gradual venous distention (effects of gravity) What are the s/s of varicose veins? - ANSWER-aching in lower extremities edema pruritus (itchy) What is chronic venous insufficiency? - ANSWER-inadequate venous return over a large period of time (superficial & deep veins) What is chronic venous insufficiency due to? - ANSWER-varicose veins or valvular incompetence venous HTN (prolonged standing) obstructions in deep veins (clot) decreased skeletal muscle pump function inflammatory processes d/t hypoxia What are the s/s of chronic venous insufficiency? - ANSWER-tissue congestion (increase blood in tissue) edema aching or tiredness in the legs impairment of tissue nutrition leading to venous ulcers What is venous thrombosis (thrombophlebitis)? - ANSWER-obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure thrombus: attached to vessel wall thromboembolism: detached What are the factors promoting thrombosis (triad of virchow)? - ANSWER-venous stasis (pooling of blood in veins) vessel wall injury excessive blood clotting What are the s/s of venous thormbosis? - ANSWER-pain redness swelling deep muscle tenderness What is hypertension? - ANSWER-sustained increase in peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume, or both What is hypertensive systolic pressure? - ANSWER-130 or higher What is hypertensive diastolic pressure? - ANSWER-80 or higher What are nonmodifiable risk factors for hypertension? - ANSWER-increases with age higher in African Americans and men family history and genetics What is hypertension associated with? - ANSWER-increase risk for organ damage in heart, kidney, and brain (stroke) What are modifiable risk factors for hypertension? - ANSWER-diet tabacco alcohol fitness lvl obesity insulin resistance (type II DM) obstructive sleep apnea What is orthostatic hypotension? - ANSWER-a form of low blood pressure that happens when you stand up from sitting or lying down When does orthostatic hypotension occur? - ANSWER-when something interrupts the body's natural process of counteracting low pressure What are the s/s for orthostatic hypotension? - ANSWER-lightheadedness or dizziness upon standing blurry vision weakness fainting (syncope) confusion nausea