West-E Social Studies

What did Aristotle and Plato believe about political science? - answer-It would lead to order in political matters and that this organized order would create stable, just societies How did Thomas Aquinas influence political study? - answer-He adapted the ideas of Aristotle to a Christian perspective. Focused on having certain rights and responsibilities. Laid the groundwork for what would become modern constitutionalism. How did Niccolo Machiavelli influence political study? - answer-He wrote The Prince and was a proponent of politics based on power. How did Thomas Hobbes influence political study? - answer-Author of Leviathan (1651); believed that individual's lives were focused on the quest for power; and the state must control this urge. People were unable to live in harmony without government intervention. How did John Locke influence political study? - answer-Wrote Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690); argued against Hobbes ideas; idea of "tabula rasa" or blank slate; Experience molds individual minds, not innate knowledge or intuition; all men were essentially good; many of his ideas were included in the US Constitution How did Montesquieu and Rousseau influence political study? - answer-() heavily influenced the French revolution; believed government policies should change to alleviate existing problems "liberalism" Wrote: "The Social Contract (1762); "Declaration of he Rights of Man" and "The Citizen (1789) How did Hume and Bentham influence political study? - answer-"the greatest happiness for the greatest number"; believed in empiricism - proof must be observed in order to believe an idea How did John Stuart Mill influence political study? - answer-British philosopher and economist; progressive - women's suffrage; emancipation; and development of labor organizations and farming coops () How did Fichte and Hegel influence political study? - answer-18th century German philosophers; supported a form of liberalism grounded largely in socialism and a sense of nationalism What is liberalism? - answer-Belief that government policies should change to alleviate existing problems What is paternalism? - answer-Condescending belief that a superior is "helping" someone in a subordinate position (like master to slave) because that person is incapable of helping themselves Federalism - answer-power of the government does not belong entirely to the national government, but is divided between national and state governments popular sovereignty - answer-government is determined by the people and gains its authority and power from the people separation of powers - answer-government is divided into three branches - executive, legislative and judicial judicial review - answer-courts at all levels of government can declare laws invalid if they contradict the constitutions of individual station, or the US constitution liberal political orientation - answer-believes in working to increase equality, sometimes at the expense of some freedoms, but overall government should not interfere with individual freedom conservate political orientation - answer-government should be limited in all cases except those of supporting longstanding moral values, often tied to religious beliefs; allow citizens to solve social issues; little to no regulation on businesses moderate political orientation - answer-incorporates ome liberal and some conservative values libertarian - answer-limiting the role of government to the defense of the country and supporting social as well as economic freedom In the U.S. legal system, judges are empowered to issue a writ of habeas corpus to ensure that suspects in a criminal investigation: - answer-cannot be kept in jail without being charged with a specific crime. Which of the following best describes a major responsibility of the governor of Washington? - answer-appointing the directors and members of boards or commissions that oversee state agencies Read the excerpt below from the Declaration of Independence; then answer the question that follows. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes. . . . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce [the people] under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Which of the following questions was the author of the Declaration attempting to address in the excerpt above? - answer-Under what circumstances is political revolution justified? Which of the following excerpts from the Washington State Constitution best demonstrates the state's commitment to the principle of popular sovereignty? - answer-"All political power is inherent in the people, and governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed." Which of the following best describes the main purpose of national party conventions in contemporary U.S. presidential elections? - answer-to promote party unity and generate enthusiasm for the presidential campaign Use the excerpt below from the U.S. Constitution to answer the question that follows. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the constitutional provision excerpted above? - answer-to protect the procedural rights of criminal defendants Which of the following best describes a major difference between international law and domestic law? - answer-There is no central authority in international law. The U.S. government would most likely collaborate with other member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on which of the following foreign policy initiatives? - answer-containing the expansion of authoritarian states Factors of production are best defined as the: - answer-resources needed to produce goods and services. Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of productivity? - answer-output per unit of inputs Read the passage below; then answer the question that follows. The Sullivan Paper Company operates in a niche market that it has long dominated. Over the past several years, however, two new firms have undermined Sullivan's market position by selling goods similar to those produced by Sullivan at a consid- erable markdown. In response, Sullivan executives have reduced production of existing products and begun development of a new line of goods to be marketed to high-end buyers. Information presented in the passage best illustrates how: - answer-prices influence the economic decision-making process. In country X, the financial resources available to the nation's steel industry were abruptly cut in half when the government decided to reorient the agricultural sector from production for domestic markets to the production of export crops. The nation's farmers, however, had difficulty making the transition to new crops with unfamiliar cultivation and storage requirements, while workers laid off in the steel plants struggled to find new jobs. This scenario best illustrates which of the following? - answer-the inefficiency associated with command economic systems Which of the following best illustrates the role of the U.S. government in reallocating resources? - answer-purchasing goods and services from private businesses Which of the following changes in economic indicators would most likely prompt government policymakers to consider adopting an expansionary fiscal policy? - answer-an increase in the rate of unemployment Which of the following best describes a significant difference between maps and globes? - answer-A globe is less likely to contain distortions in the size and shape of landmasses. Which of the following best matches a major source of conflict in the late twentieth century with two countries in which such conflict has occurred? - answer-religious nationalism: India and Pakistan The global importance of biomass fuels as a