NUR 529 EXAM 3 WITH ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

NUR 529 EXAM 3 WIT H ALL QUEST IONS AND ANSWERS 2024 -2025 What microbiota lives in the gut? A varied colony of bacteria in the digestive system. What are the gut microflora's primary roles? - ANSWER Trait metabolism, trophic impacts, and defense against infections. Why are there only a few types of bacteria found in the stomach and small intestine? Owing to the luminal contents' acidity and propulsiveness. What elements affect the GI tract's colonization? - ANSWER The birth canal, nutrition, nutrition for neonates, stress, pH, and immune state. What is the intestinal microflora's primary metabolic role? - ANSWER Endogenous mucus and indigestible food residue fermentation. What part do colonic microbes play in the production of vitamins? - REPLY: They produce vitamin K. What is the colon's energy source? - ANSWER Nondigestible carbohydrates ferment. Which nutrients do colonic bacteria absorb? - ANSWER Iron, magnesium, and calcium. What's the local gut flora? - ANSWER In the gut, endogenous microorganisms What is resistance to colonization? - ANSWER Defense against foreign microorganisms What is restricted by gut flora? ANSWER Growth of opportunistic bacteria What is celiac disease's main course of treatment? Eliminating gluten from one's diet. Describe gluten. The main protein found in rye, barley, and wheat. Are oat products safe for people with celiac disease to eat? - YES, provided that while processing they are not tainted with wheat. What kinds of foods are gluten-free? - ANSWER Fruits, vegetables, dairy goods, and meats. What happens if you completely cut out gluten from your diet? - Response: prompt and total intestinal mucosal healing. Acute gastritis: what is it? - ANSWER Stomach mucosal inflammation that is acute. What signs of acute gastritis are present? - ANSWER Pain, ulceration, bleeding, and emesis. Acute gastritis: what causes it? - ANSWER Local irritations, including bacterial toxins, alcohol, aspirin, and NSAIDs. What may make hemorrhagic gastritis acutely worse? - ANSWER Giving corticosteroids orally. Bilirubin: What is it? - ANSWER The final result of RBC heme breakdown What's the hue of bile? - REPLY Bilirubin Free bilirubin: what is it? - ANSWER Plasma albumin-bound insoluble bilirubin What is bilirubin conjugated? - REPLY Bilirubin that is soluble in bile Where does conjugated bilirubin get transformed from free bilirubin? The response inside hepatocytes How does conjugated bilirubin fare? - ANSWER Released as a bile component. What is the small intestine's reaction to bilirubin? ANSWER Intestinal flora converts half to urobilinogen. What happens to the intestinally generated urobilinogen? - ANSWER The other half is eliminated in feces after being absorbed into the portal circulation. What occurs to urobilinogen that is absorbed? - ANSWER Sent back to the liver for bile excretion What part do hepatocytes play in the metabolism of bilirubin? - ANSWER: Convert bilirubin from free to conjugated form. After bilirubin is secreted as a component of bile, what happens to it? - ANSWER Enters the small intestine via the bile ducts. What is the bile's purpose? - ANSWER Fats in food are metabolized, and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the gut. What ingredients make up bile? - ANSWER Bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, water, and some metabolic byproducts. What role do bile salts play in digestion? - ANSWER: They facilitate the emulsification of dietary fats and are required for the development of micelles that deliver fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids to the intestinal mucosa's surface for absorption. What is the circulatory system of the liver? - ANSWER The system that allows bile to circulate again, comprising the kidneys, small intestine, colon, liver, biliary tract, gallbladder, and portal venous circulation. How does the enterohepatic circulation use the distal ileum? - ANSWER An active transport mechanism in the distal ileum reabsorbs more than 90% of the bile salts that enter the intestine and return them to the portal circulation. How many times around the circle do bile salts go before they are eliminated in the stools? - ANSWER Typically, bile salts do this complete cycle around 17 times before passing out through the stools. What is the main component of bile salts? - ANSWER Cholesterol. Which are the typical means by which hepatitis A is transmitted? - ANSWER Shellfish from contaminated waterways, contaminated milk and water. Who is at special risk for hepatitis A? - ANSWER People visiting overseas who have not been exposed. Why do young infants contribute significantly to the hepatitis A virus's spread? - ANSWER Frequently, they exhibit no symptoms. What encourages viral infection in kids who frequent daycare centers for preschoolers? - ANSWER Improper toilet training and oral behavior. Hepatitis B is typically spread by what means? - ANSWER Blood or serum infection by immunization. Where may one find the hepatitis B viral antigen? The majority of bodily secretions. Who in the US has a high risk of contracting hepatitis B? - ANSWER: injecting drug users, males who have sex with men, and heterosexuals with several partners. Why are medical professionals susceptible to hepatitis B? - ANSWER Accidental needle injuries and exposure to blood.