NUR 529 EXAM 3 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
What percentage of erythropoietin is produced by the kidney? - ANS Approximately 90%
What percentage of erythropoietin is produced by the liver and other organs? -
ANS Approximately 10%
How does kidney dysfunction affect red blood cell development? - ANS It impacts RBC
development and availability.
What deficiencies may contribute to anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD)? - ANS Vitamin
B12, iron, and folate deficiencies.
What is the hemoglobin level that defines chronic anemia in adult males? - ANS Less than
13.0 g/dL
What is the hemoglobin level that defines chronic anemia in adult females? - ANS Less than
12 g/dL
What is the most profound hematologic alteration that accompanies chronic kidney disease
(CKD)? - ANS Chronic anemia
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,What is the association between GFR decline and hematocrit in advanced CKD in African
Americans? - ANS Research shows an association between GFR decline and the decline in
hematocrit.
What do NKF guidelines recommend for individuals with a GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2? -
ANS They should be evaluated for anemia.
What measures are included in the assessment for anemia in CKD? - ANS Measures of
hemoglobin, hematocrit, and iron stores.
What are some factors contributing to anemia in CKD? - ANS Chronic blood loss, hemolysis,
bone marrow suppression, and decreased red cell production.
Why is erythropoietin production usually insufficient in kidney failure? - ANS It is insufficient
to stimulate adequate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.
What are some causes of iron deficiency in people with CKD? - ANS Anorexia, dietary
restrictions, and blood loss during dialysis.
What is the major metabolic function of colonic microorganisms? - ANS The fermentation of
undigestible dietary residue and endogenous mucus.
What is a major source of energy in the colon? - ANS Fermentation of nondigestible
carbohydrates, including resistant starches, cellulose, pectins, and unabsorbed sugars.
What role do colonic microorganisms play in vitamin synthesis? - ANS They synthesize
vitamin K.
Why do newborn infants not synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin K initially? -
ANS Because the normal colonic bacterial flora has not yet become established.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,What protective role does the resident gut flora provide? - ANS It provides a crucial line of
resistance to colonization by exogenous microbes.
What can disrupt the microbial balance in the gut? - ANS The administration of broad-
spectrum antibiotics.
What is the role of probiotics? - ANS They are live microorganisms that can modify the
composition of enteric flora when ingested.
What are some commonly used probiotics? - ANS Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and
nonpathogenic Escherichia coli.
In which disease have probiotics shown value in maintaining remission? - ANS Ulcerative
colitis.
What can people with aspirin-related gastritis be unaware of? - ANS They can be totally
unaware of the condition or may complain only of heartburn or sour stomach.
What symptoms are associated with gastritis from excessive alcohol consumption? - ANS It
often causes transient gastric distress, which may lead to vomiting and, in more severe
situations, to bleeding and hematemesis.
What is the onset time for gastritis caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins? - ANS It usually
has an abrupt and violent onset, with gastric distress and vomiting occurring approximately 5
hours after ingestion of contaminated food.
Is acute gastritis a self-limiting disorder? - ANS Yes, acute gastritis is usually a self-limiting
disorder, with complete regeneration and healing occurring within several days of removal of
the inciting agent.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
, What is the primary treatment for celiac disease? - ANS Removal of gluten and related
proteins from the diet.
What grains contain gluten? - ANS Wheat, barley, and rye.
Can oat products be safe for people with celiac disease? - ANS Oat products are nontoxic but
may be contaminated with wheat during processing.
What types of products are available for those on a gluten-free diet? - ANS Many gluten-free
types of bread, cereals, cookies, and other products.
Which food groups are generally free of gluten? - ANS Meats, vegetables, fruits, and dairy
products.
What is the result of complete exclusion of dietary gluten for celiac disease patients? -
ANS Rapid and complete healing of the intestinal mucosa.
What is the major cause of prehepatic jaundice? - ANS Excessive hemolysis of red blood cells.
What occurs during hemolytic jaundice? - ANS Red blood cells are destroyed at a rate
exceeding the liver's ability to remove bilirubin from the blood.
What can cause hemolytic jaundice following a blood transfusion? - ANS The decreased
lifespan of the donated red blood cells.
What is hereditary spherocytosis? - ANS A condition where red cell membranes are
defective, leading to hemolytic jaundice.
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
What percentage of erythropoietin is produced by the kidney? - ANS Approximately 90%
What percentage of erythropoietin is produced by the liver and other organs? -
ANS Approximately 10%
How does kidney dysfunction affect red blood cell development? - ANS It impacts RBC
development and availability.
What deficiencies may contribute to anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD)? - ANS Vitamin
B12, iron, and folate deficiencies.
What is the hemoglobin level that defines chronic anemia in adult males? - ANS Less than
13.0 g/dL
What is the hemoglobin level that defines chronic anemia in adult females? - ANS Less than
12 g/dL
What is the most profound hematologic alteration that accompanies chronic kidney disease
(CKD)? - ANS Chronic anemia
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,What is the association between GFR decline and hematocrit in advanced CKD in African
Americans? - ANS Research shows an association between GFR decline and the decline in
hematocrit.
What do NKF guidelines recommend for individuals with a GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2? -
ANS They should be evaluated for anemia.
What measures are included in the assessment for anemia in CKD? - ANS Measures of
hemoglobin, hematocrit, and iron stores.
What are some factors contributing to anemia in CKD? - ANS Chronic blood loss, hemolysis,
bone marrow suppression, and decreased red cell production.
Why is erythropoietin production usually insufficient in kidney failure? - ANS It is insufficient
to stimulate adequate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.
What are some causes of iron deficiency in people with CKD? - ANS Anorexia, dietary
restrictions, and blood loss during dialysis.
What is the major metabolic function of colonic microorganisms? - ANS The fermentation of
undigestible dietary residue and endogenous mucus.
What is a major source of energy in the colon? - ANS Fermentation of nondigestible
carbohydrates, including resistant starches, cellulose, pectins, and unabsorbed sugars.
What role do colonic microorganisms play in vitamin synthesis? - ANS They synthesize
vitamin K.
Why do newborn infants not synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin K initially? -
ANS Because the normal colonic bacterial flora has not yet become established.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,What protective role does the resident gut flora provide? - ANS It provides a crucial line of
resistance to colonization by exogenous microbes.
What can disrupt the microbial balance in the gut? - ANS The administration of broad-
spectrum antibiotics.
What is the role of probiotics? - ANS They are live microorganisms that can modify the
composition of enteric flora when ingested.
What are some commonly used probiotics? - ANS Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and
nonpathogenic Escherichia coli.
In which disease have probiotics shown value in maintaining remission? - ANS Ulcerative
colitis.
What can people with aspirin-related gastritis be unaware of? - ANS They can be totally
unaware of the condition or may complain only of heartburn or sour stomach.
What symptoms are associated with gastritis from excessive alcohol consumption? - ANS It
often causes transient gastric distress, which may lead to vomiting and, in more severe
situations, to bleeding and hematemesis.
What is the onset time for gastritis caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins? - ANS It usually
has an abrupt and violent onset, with gastric distress and vomiting occurring approximately 5
hours after ingestion of contaminated food.
Is acute gastritis a self-limiting disorder? - ANS Yes, acute gastritis is usually a self-limiting
disorder, with complete regeneration and healing occurring within several days of removal of
the inciting agent.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
, What is the primary treatment for celiac disease? - ANS Removal of gluten and related
proteins from the diet.
What grains contain gluten? - ANS Wheat, barley, and rye.
Can oat products be safe for people with celiac disease? - ANS Oat products are nontoxic but
may be contaminated with wheat during processing.
What types of products are available for those on a gluten-free diet? - ANS Many gluten-free
types of bread, cereals, cookies, and other products.
Which food groups are generally free of gluten? - ANS Meats, vegetables, fruits, and dairy
products.
What is the result of complete exclusion of dietary gluten for celiac disease patients? -
ANS Rapid and complete healing of the intestinal mucosa.
What is the major cause of prehepatic jaundice? - ANS Excessive hemolysis of red blood cells.
What occurs during hemolytic jaundice? - ANS Red blood cells are destroyed at a rate
exceeding the liver's ability to remove bilirubin from the blood.
What can cause hemolytic jaundice following a blood transfusion? - ANS The decreased
lifespan of the donated red blood cells.
What is hereditary spherocytosis? - ANS A condition where red cell membranes are
defective, leading to hemolytic jaundice.
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
