Maryville Patho Exam 1 questions and answers 100% guaranteed success.

Maryville Patho Exam 1 questions and answers 100% guaranteed success. Apoptosis w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wProgrammed wcell wdeath Necrosis w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wRapid wloss wof wplasma wmembrane wstructure, worganelle wswelling, wmitochondrial wdysfunction Atrophy w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wDegeneration wof wcells Hypertrophy w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wSwelling wof wcells Hyperplasia w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wIncrease win wnumber wof wcells Metaplasia w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wReplacement wof wcells, wmay wnot wbe wfunctional Loss wof wATP weffect won wcells w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wSodium-potassium wpump wfailure. wIntracellular wsodium, wextracellular wpotassium wleads wto wedema Effect wof woxygen wdepletion w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wAnaerobic wmetabolism w(glycolysis) Free wradical w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w welectrically wcharged watom/atoms wwith wunpaired welectron--unstable. wSteals wmolecules wto wstabilize. Lysosome wleakage wfrom wcell winjury w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wDigestion wof wcellular worganelles, whalts wDNA/RNA Ethanol w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wMetabolized wto wacetaldehyde--liver wdysfunction wover wtime Peroxisomes w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wDetoxify wethanol, wcreates whydrogen wperoxide Most wvulnerable wto wradiation w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wDNA Effects wof waging w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wMuscular watrophy w(sarcopenia), wstiffness/rigidity wof wsystems Stiffness/rigidity wof wsystems w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wPeripheral wvascular wresistance wincrease, wdecreased wHCL wand wstomach wemptying, wdecreased wimmune wresponse, wdecreased wtotal wbody wpotassium, wincreased wextracellular wcompartment Dehydration ws/sx w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wtachycardia, wweak wpulses, wdizziness, wpostural whypotension Thirst wresponse w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wOsmoreceptors wactivated wby wincreased wosmotic wpressure win wplasma. At wrisk wof wFVD w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wInfants w(75-80% wtbw), wobese, welderly capillary whydrostatic wpressure w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w whigher wthan wcapillary woncotic wpressure, wfluid wmoves wfrom wintravascular wspace wto winterstitial wspace w(tissue wperfusion) Oncotic wpressure winfluenced wby w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wPlasma wproteins-albumin Edema wcause w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wLow wplasma walbumin wresulted wby wreduction win wplasma woncotic wpressure Natiuretic wpeptides w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wDecrease wBP, wincrease wsodium, wwater wexcretion. wIncludes wANP w(produced wby wmyocardial watria), wBNP w(myocardial wventricles), wand wurodilatin w(kidney). wWeak wantagonist wof wRAAS Renin wangiotensin-aldosterone wsystem w(RAAS) w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wBlood wvolume/pressure wreduced, wkidney wexcretes wrenin, wleads wto wangiotensin wand waldosterone---(think wof wsodium) ADH w(antidiuretic whormone) w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wSecreted wby wincrease win wplasma wosmolality, wconserves wwater w(think wof wwater) What wdoes wsodium wdo? w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w w(Think wof wbrain), wRegulates wfluids, wmaintains wneuromuscular wimpulses. w135-145 wmeq/l wequillibrium. Hypernatremia ws/sx w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wConfusion, wconvulsions, wcerebral whemorrhage, wcoma, woversecretion wof waldosterone. wWater wpulled wfrom wintracellular wspace wto wextravascular wspace wto wrestore wbalance. wBrain wcells wcan wshrink. Hyponatremia w(less wthan w135 wmeq/L) w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wHigh wconcentration wof wsodium win wcell, wtakes won wwater wfor wequilibrium. wCells wswell, wheadache, wlethargy, wconfusion, wseizures, wcoma Potassium w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w w(Think wof wheart) wResting wmembrane wpotential, wnerve wimpulses, wmaintenance wof wnormal wcardiac wrhythm, wskeletal wand wsmooth wmuscle wcontraction Hyperkalemia w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wIf wextracellular wK wincreases wwithout wintracellular wk wincrease, wresting wmembrane wpotential wbecomes wmore wpositive wand wcell wmembrane wbecomes whypopolarized. wIncreased wexcitability, wtall wpeaked wT wwaves. wTreated wwith winsulin w(grabs wglucose wand wpotassium wmolecule) Refractory wperiod w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wAbsolute wrefractory-no wcell waction wpotential, wrelative wrefractory wperiod-if wstimulus wstrong wenough, wcan wcause waction wpotential. wCauses wdysrhythmia Hypokalemia w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wFlattened wt wwave, wblocks, wbradycardia, wparalytic wileus. Calcium w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wBlood wclotting, wmuscle wcontraction Blood wtransfusions wand wcalcium w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wCitrate w(preservative win wblood) weats wcalcium, wmassive wblood wtransfusion wrequire wcalcium wgluconate Hypocalcemia wcauses w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wInadequate wabsorption w(intestine), wmass wtransfusion, wdecrease win wPTH wand wVit wD, wnutrient wdeficient, walkalosis, wincreased wcalcitonin, wpancreatitis, whypoalbuminemia w(40-45% wca wbound wto walbumin) Hypocalcemia w(8.5 wmg/dl) ws/sx w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wIncreased wneuro/musc wexcitability, wintestinal wcramps, whyperactive wBS, wosteoporosis, wfx's, wIf wsevere-tetany, wprolonged wqt winterval, wcardiac warrest Hypercalcemia w(10-12 wmg/dl) wcauses w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wHyperparathyroidism, wbone wmets, wsarcoidosis, wexcess wVit wD, wPTH wfrom wtumors, wtums Hypercalcemia ws/sx w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wFatigue, wweakness, wlethargy, wanorexia, wnausea, wconstipation, wimpaired wrenal wfunction, wkidney wstones, wdysrhythmias, wbradycardia, wcardiac warrest, wbone wpain, wosteoporosis/fx Hypophosphatemia w(2 wmg/dl) wcauses w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wMalabsorption wr/t wVit wD wdeficiency, wantacid wuse, wlong-term walcohol wabuse, wmalabsorption wsyndromes, wrespiratory walkalosis, wincreased wrenal wexcretion wof wphosphate wd/t whyperparathyroidism Hypophosphatemia ws/sx w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wDisturbed wenergy wmetabolism, wleukocyte wand wplatelet wdysfunction, wderanged wnerve/muscle wfunction, wirritability, wconfusion, wnumbness, wcoma, wconvulsions, wsevere--resp. wfailure, wcardiomyopathies, wbone wresorption Hyperphosphatemia w(4.7 wmg/dl) wcauses w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wRenal wfailure wwith wsignificant wloss wof wglomerular wfiltration, wchemo wtx wfor wmetastatic wtumors, wlong-term wlaxitive/enema wuse, whypoparathyroidism Hyperphosphatemia ws/sx w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wLow wserum wcalcium--hypocalcemia ws/sx, wcalcification wof wsoft wtissues win wlungs, wkidneys, wjoints Hypomagnesemia w(1.5 wmeq/L) wcauses w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wMalnutrition, wmalabsorption, walcoholism, wrenal wtubular wdysfunction, wloop wdiuretics Hypomagnesemia ws/sx w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wBehavior wchange, wirritability, wincreased wreflexes, wmuscle wcramps, wataxia, wnystagmus, wtetany, wconvulsions, wtachycardia, whypertension Hypermagnesemia w(3 wmeq/L) wcauses w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wRenal wfailure, wantacid wuse, wadrenal winsufficiency Hypermagnesemia ws/sx w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wLethargy, wdrowsiness, wloss wof wdeep wtendon wreflex, wn/v, wmuscle wweakness, whypotension, wbradycardia, wrespiratory wdistress, wheart wblock, wcardiac warrest Calcium-phosphorus wbalance wregulated wby? w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wPTH, wVit wD, wcalcitonin Aneuploid wcells w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wDo wnot wcontain w23 wchromosomes. wTrisomy w(3 wcopies wof wone wchromosome) w21-down wsyndrome. wMonosomy-main wcause wof wmiscarriage Penetrance w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wSpecific wgenotype wand wphenotype, wmay wnot wexhibit wdisease, wbut wmay wpass won. wAge wdependent wpenetrance wex: wHuntingtons, wusually wmanifests wage w40 Expressivity w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wVariation win wphenotype wassociated wwith wgenotype. wVariable wexpressivity wex: wautosomal wdominant wdisease, wtype w1 wneurofibromatosis w(Recklinghausen)--varies wfrom wcafe-au-lait wspots wto wneuromas/learning wdisabilities. Cystic wFibrosis wtype wof wgene? w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wAutosomal wrecessive Genes wresponsible wfor wautosomal wdominant wbreast wcancer w- w wcorrect wanswer. w w wChromosomes w17 w(BRCA1) wand w13 w(BRCA2). wMutation win wthese wgenes wincrease wrisk wof wbreast wca wby w50-80%