GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE
Threats to indivuduals and businesses - correct answer-cybercrime = criminal activity
through the internet - stealing an orgs intellectual property, seizing online bank accounts,
creating and distributing viruses, posting confidential material on internet, disrupting
computing services;
- computerised and digitised living => more risks;
Hacking: affects all internet users (individuals, businesses, gov, TNCs);
Identity theft: white collar-crime, non-violent, victim can be geographically separate;
- low prosecution raes and lenient sentencing = appealing;
- most vulnerable (close groups eg military, medical patients, dead)
Risks to global supply chain flows - correct answer-Political: protectionism, trade restriction,
conflict;
- government with poor political or economic stability may make decisions => uncertainty
among investors;
Economic: currency fluctuation, trade restriction, interest rates, debt crises (create
uncertainty), strong trade unions;
Technological: disruption to transport (unusual) and ICT networks (an issue);
Physical: natural disasters, extreme weather, epidemics (obstruct supply)
Threats to the political sovereignty of states - correct answer-Profit repatriation: movement of
profits by businesses back to origin country;
- protects against expropriation or takes advantage of a currency fluctuation (currency
determines whether FDI is profitable);
- higher corporate tax in home country encourages FDI;
- decrease in GNI for producing country, higher GNI for home country (often manipulation of
LICs)
Tax avoidance: undeclared income or repatriation of income to a country with lower tax rates
=> high loss for government
Disruptive technological innovations
Correlation between globalisation and renewed nationalism - correct answer-Nationalism:
protectionism, trade barriers, anti-immigration, resource nationalism, policies that favour
domestic workers;
- global economy = competition = protectionism = nationalism and military investments;
- globalisation causes international tension and decreases multilateral cooperation;
- nationalism caused by poor economic growth, greater inequality and immigration;
, - globalisation => stability in national and local features (shared culture, history, language)
Transboundary pollution - correct answer-Pollution that is produced in one area but falls in a
different state or nation;
- dry deposition (close) and wet deposition (dissolved in rain and often fall across
international borders);
- common form is acid rain => rainfall becomes more acidic when it mixes with NOx and
SO2
Impact of localised pollution: shipping lanes - correct answer-*Shipping is key in the growth
of globalisation;
- oil and chemicals released (intentional discharge or accidental spill);
- waste dumping in ocean (sewage and garbage);
- air pollution => GHG emissions;
- anchors => physical damage;
- higher noise pollution disturbs animals;
Management: higher CO2 and acidification of oceans, ships release SO2 and NOx (some
controls exist in Europe and USA)
Carbon footprints for global flows - correct answer-Food: footprint depends on volume,
transport method, refrigeration, types of packaging, storage, distribution, sales, use of
machinery, chemicals and pesticides;
- (emissions are considered to belong to the producing country, even though D is generated
by another);
Population flows: LICs => HICs = higher GHG emissions;
- standards of living increase = higher ecological footprint;
Tourism: footprint varys place to place (depend on climate, culture, energy, tech, activities);
- most tourism requires fossil fuels
Impact of polluting manufacturing industries - correct answer-Western countries often site
their polluting industries in developing countries or emerging economies;
- causes widespread pollution of air, water, soil (impacts local health);
- LICs can less laws and environmental regulations (HICs incentivised to exploit);
- HICs can export waste to LICs;
- LICs and NICs environmentally vulnerable due to low regulation => underdeveloped
systems => rely on the economic gain from polluting industries
Impact of food production systems for global agribusiness - correct answer-Farming = more
intensive, globalised, large-scale;
- time-space convergence = lower transport costs = cheaper food and higher imports;
- modern farming techniques have negative impacts on env (agro-industrialisation - high
inputs and outputs, low cost BUT high pollution, erosion, lower biodiversity, deforestation);
- transport increases road freight (= high dependency on crude oil = vulnerable food
supplies)
Threats to indivuduals and businesses - correct answer-cybercrime = criminal activity
through the internet - stealing an orgs intellectual property, seizing online bank accounts,
creating and distributing viruses, posting confidential material on internet, disrupting
computing services;
- computerised and digitised living => more risks;
Hacking: affects all internet users (individuals, businesses, gov, TNCs);
Identity theft: white collar-crime, non-violent, victim can be geographically separate;
- low prosecution raes and lenient sentencing = appealing;
- most vulnerable (close groups eg military, medical patients, dead)
Risks to global supply chain flows - correct answer-Political: protectionism, trade restriction,
conflict;
- government with poor political or economic stability may make decisions => uncertainty
among investors;
Economic: currency fluctuation, trade restriction, interest rates, debt crises (create
uncertainty), strong trade unions;
Technological: disruption to transport (unusual) and ICT networks (an issue);
Physical: natural disasters, extreme weather, epidemics (obstruct supply)
Threats to the political sovereignty of states - correct answer-Profit repatriation: movement of
profits by businesses back to origin country;
- protects against expropriation or takes advantage of a currency fluctuation (currency
determines whether FDI is profitable);
- higher corporate tax in home country encourages FDI;
- decrease in GNI for producing country, higher GNI for home country (often manipulation of
LICs)
Tax avoidance: undeclared income or repatriation of income to a country with lower tax rates
=> high loss for government
Disruptive technological innovations
Correlation between globalisation and renewed nationalism - correct answer-Nationalism:
protectionism, trade barriers, anti-immigration, resource nationalism, policies that favour
domestic workers;
- global economy = competition = protectionism = nationalism and military investments;
- globalisation causes international tension and decreases multilateral cooperation;
- nationalism caused by poor economic growth, greater inequality and immigration;
, - globalisation => stability in national and local features (shared culture, history, language)
Transboundary pollution - correct answer-Pollution that is produced in one area but falls in a
different state or nation;
- dry deposition (close) and wet deposition (dissolved in rain and often fall across
international borders);
- common form is acid rain => rainfall becomes more acidic when it mixes with NOx and
SO2
Impact of localised pollution: shipping lanes - correct answer-*Shipping is key in the growth
of globalisation;
- oil and chemicals released (intentional discharge or accidental spill);
- waste dumping in ocean (sewage and garbage);
- air pollution => GHG emissions;
- anchors => physical damage;
- higher noise pollution disturbs animals;
Management: higher CO2 and acidification of oceans, ships release SO2 and NOx (some
controls exist in Europe and USA)
Carbon footprints for global flows - correct answer-Food: footprint depends on volume,
transport method, refrigeration, types of packaging, storage, distribution, sales, use of
machinery, chemicals and pesticides;
- (emissions are considered to belong to the producing country, even though D is generated
by another);
Population flows: LICs => HICs = higher GHG emissions;
- standards of living increase = higher ecological footprint;
Tourism: footprint varys place to place (depend on climate, culture, energy, tech, activities);
- most tourism requires fossil fuels
Impact of polluting manufacturing industries - correct answer-Western countries often site
their polluting industries in developing countries or emerging economies;
- causes widespread pollution of air, water, soil (impacts local health);
- LICs can less laws and environmental regulations (HICs incentivised to exploit);
- HICs can export waste to LICs;
- LICs and NICs environmentally vulnerable due to low regulation => underdeveloped
systems => rely on the economic gain from polluting industries
Impact of food production systems for global agribusiness - correct answer-Farming = more
intensive, globalised, large-scale;
- time-space convergence = lower transport costs = cheaper food and higher imports;
- modern farming techniques have negative impacts on env (agro-industrialisation - high
inputs and outputs, low cost BUT high pollution, erosion, lower biodiversity, deforestation);
- transport increases road freight (= high dependency on crude oil = vulnerable food
supplies)
