Week 4 – Cardiovascular with Solutions with
Verified Answers 2024/2025
Heart - -Located within the pericardial sac in the mediastinal space of the thoracic
cavity
Pericardial Sac - -Composed of two fused layers - outer fibrous capsule and inner
parietal pericardium with a serous membrane. Filled with lubricating serous fluid in the
pericardial cavity.
Heart walls - -Comprise outer epicardium, thick myocardium, and inner
endocardium.
Human Heart Structure - -Consists of two atria (receive blood) and two ventricles
(pump blood into vessels)
Blood flow - -Moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
before returning to the heart.
Arteries - -Transport blood away from the heart, have thick walls (round in cross-
section), branch into arterioles
Arterioles - -Distribute blood to capillary beds where exchange with body tissues
occurs
Capillaries - -Connect to venules, leading to larger veins that return blood to the
heart.
, Venules - -Venules are continuous with the post-capillary venules. They continue to
move blood away from the capillary beds. Many venules unite to form a vein.
Veins - -As a whole, the venous system takes deoxygenated blood from the
capillaries, and delivers it to the heart (except for the pulmonary veins). From the heart,
blood can be pumped to the lungs and re-oxygenated
Arterial System - -High-pressure, thick-walled arteries
Venous System - -Low-pressure, larger-lumen veins with thinner walls
Location of the heart - -Mediastinum within the thoracic cavity, between the lungs.
Heart is surrounded by - -Pericardium in the pericardial cavity
Heart orientation - -- Dorsal surface near vertebrae.
• Anterior surface deep to sternum and costal cartilages
.• Great veins and arteries attached to the superior surface (base)
Base of the heart - -Level of the third costal cartilage
Apex of the heart - -Positioned just left of the sternum, between the fourth and fifth
ribs.
Right and left orientation of the heart - -Right side deflects forward, left side deflects
backward
Verified Answers 2024/2025
Heart - -Located within the pericardial sac in the mediastinal space of the thoracic
cavity
Pericardial Sac - -Composed of two fused layers - outer fibrous capsule and inner
parietal pericardium with a serous membrane. Filled with lubricating serous fluid in the
pericardial cavity.
Heart walls - -Comprise outer epicardium, thick myocardium, and inner
endocardium.
Human Heart Structure - -Consists of two atria (receive blood) and two ventricles
(pump blood into vessels)
Blood flow - -Moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
before returning to the heart.
Arteries - -Transport blood away from the heart, have thick walls (round in cross-
section), branch into arterioles
Arterioles - -Distribute blood to capillary beds where exchange with body tissues
occurs
Capillaries - -Connect to venules, leading to larger veins that return blood to the
heart.
, Venules - -Venules are continuous with the post-capillary venules. They continue to
move blood away from the capillary beds. Many venules unite to form a vein.
Veins - -As a whole, the venous system takes deoxygenated blood from the
capillaries, and delivers it to the heart (except for the pulmonary veins). From the heart,
blood can be pumped to the lungs and re-oxygenated
Arterial System - -High-pressure, thick-walled arteries
Venous System - -Low-pressure, larger-lumen veins with thinner walls
Location of the heart - -Mediastinum within the thoracic cavity, between the lungs.
Heart is surrounded by - -Pericardium in the pericardial cavity
Heart orientation - -- Dorsal surface near vertebrae.
• Anterior surface deep to sternum and costal cartilages
.• Great veins and arteries attached to the superior surface (base)
Base of the heart - -Level of the third costal cartilage
Apex of the heart - -Positioned just left of the sternum, between the fourth and fifth
ribs.
Right and left orientation of the heart - -Right side deflects forward, left side deflects
backward
