BIOS 242 EXAM 2 DUE 20TH JUNE 2024/2025

BIOS 242 EXAM 2 DUE 20TH JUNE 2024/2025 organic - CORRECT ANSWER-heterotrophs are? heterotroph - CORRECT ANSWER-•An organism that must obtain its carbon in organic form •Dependent on eating other life forms inorganic - CORRECT ANSWER-autotrophs are? autotroph - CORRECT ANSWER-•"Self-feeder" (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis) •Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source; builds organiccompounds from the CO2 phototroph - CORRECT ANSWER-an organism that gets its energy from sunlight chemotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER-Organisms that get energy from chemical compounds Photoautotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER-Capture energy from light and transform it into chemical energy that can be used for cell metabolism Chemoautotroph - CORRECT ANSWER-•Use inorganic or organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source saprobes - CORRECT ANSWER-organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter Parasites - CORRECT ANSWER-An organism that lives in or on another organism, deriving nourishment at the expense of its host, usually without killing it Macronutrients - CORRECT ANSWER-nutrients that provide calories and energy, they are required in large amounts. Carbs, fats and proteins Micronutrients - CORRECT ANSWER-vitamins and minerals. vital to healthy development and disease prevention vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER-coenzymes and cofactors for optimal enzyme function passive transport - CORRECT ANSWER-the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane facilated diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels active transport - CORRECT ANSWER-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference isotonic solution - CORRECT ANSWER-A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell hypertonic solution - CORRECT ANSWER-A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell hypotonic solution - CORRECT ANSWER-A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell cardinal temperatures - CORRECT ANSWER-the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures at which an organism grows max growth temp - CORRECT ANSWER-highest temp at which growth is possible mini growth temp - CORRECT ANSWER-lowest temp at which growth is possible psychrophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-Cold-loving Microbes. 0-20 degrees C. optimum growth temp is 15 degrees. Found in arctic, antarctic, and ocean depths thermophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-Heat-loving microbes. general growth range 45 c to 80 c hyperthermophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-Archaea growing about 80 degrees celcius and some above 100 degrees celcius mesophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-those growing best between 20 degrees and 40 degrees celcius; the human pathogens are in this group -majority of medically significant organisms acidophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-grow in acidic environments Alkalinophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-grow at extreme alkaline pH barophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure Halophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations aerobes - CORRECT ANSWER-Bacteria that require oxygen to grow anaerobes - CORRECT ANSWER-Bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen and are destroyed by oxygen facultative - CORRECT ANSWER-makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absen obligate - CORRECT ANSWER-cannot make ATP in the absence of oxygen, and die in the presence of oxygen aerotolerant - CORRECT ANSWER-do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence Microaerophiles - CORRECT ANSWER-can use oxygen only when it is present at levels reduced from that in air (lower than air) Symbiosis - CORRECT ANSWER-A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species. Mutualism - CORRECT ANSWER-A relationship between two species in which both species benefit commensalism - CORRECT ANSWER-A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected Parasitism - CORRECT ANSWER-A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed lag phase of bacterial growth - CORRECT ANSWER-The first phase of the bacterial growth curve, in which organisms acclimate to their surrounding; they grow in size but do not increase in number. log/exponential growth phase - CORRECT ANSWER-- cells reach the maximum rate of cell division. - curve increases as long as cells have adequate nutrients and the environment is favorable. stationary phase of bacterial growth - CORRECT ANSWER-The third of the four phases of the bacterial growth curve, in which new cells are produced at the same rate as the old cells die, leaving the number of live cells constant. death phase of bacterial growth - CORRECT ANSWER-as resources become insufficient, bacteria die off Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER-All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism Anabolism - CORRECT ANSWER-requires energy input, assembles smaller molecules into large macromolecules Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER-break the bonds of larger molecules, release energy lowering activation energy - CORRECT ANSWER-An enzyme speeds up a reaction by Holoenzyme - CORRECT ANSWER-contain protein and some other nonprotein molecule Apoenzyme - CORRECT ANSWER-protein portion of an enzyme cofactor - CORRECT ANSWER-non protein portion; organic or inorganic (metal ions) Coenzyme - CORRECT ANSWER-organic cofactors ( vitamins=important components) enzyme active site - CORRECT ANSWER-Site of the enzyme surface where substrate molecules binds Exoenzymes - CORRECT ANSWER-transported extracellularly, where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals Endoenzymes - CORRECT ANSWER-retained intracellularly and function there constitutive enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER-always present in relatively constant amounts, regardless of the cellular environement regulated enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER-production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in the substrate concentration enzyme inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER-means by which cells regulate enzyme activity; may be competitive or noncompetitive inhibition competitive - CORRECT ANSWER-binding to active site non-competitive - CORRECT ANSWER-binds to the enzyme at a location other than the active site glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-most common pathway used to breakdown glucose, the first step in all three, takes place in the cytoplasm