Notes on Fundamentals of Computer
A complete computer system consists of four parts:
Hardware: Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the computer.
Software: Software is a set of electronic instructions consisting of complex codes
(Programs) that make the computer perform tasks.
User: The computer operators are known as users.
Data: Consists of raw facts, which the computer stores and reads in the form of numbers
The following features
characterize this electronic
machine:
Speed
Accuracy
Storage and Retrieval
Repeated Processing Capabilities
Reliability
Flexibility
, Low cost
These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.
Input -Input data is prepared in some convenient form for processing. The form will depend on the
processing machine. For example, when electronic computers are used, the input data could be
recorded on any one of several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes and so on.
Processing - In this step input data is changed to produce data in a more useful form. For example,
paychecks may be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month may be
calculated from the sales orders.
Output - The result of the proceeding processing step are collected. The particular form of the output
data depends on the use of the data. For example, output data may be pay-checks for employees.
Language Processors:
Assembler: This language processor converts the program written in assembly language into
machine language.
Interpreter: This language processor converts High-Level Language program into machine language
by converting and executing it line by line.
Compiler:-It also converts the HLL program into machine language but the conversion manner is
different. It converts the entire HLL program in one go and reports all the errors of the program along
with the line numbers.
Software
Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make
the hardware run.
Analog computers
Analog computers always take input in form of signals.
The input data is not a number infect a physical quantity like temp., pressure, speed, velocity.
Signals are continuous of (0 to 10 V).
Accuracy 1% Approximately.
A complete computer system consists of four parts:
Hardware: Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the computer.
Software: Software is a set of electronic instructions consisting of complex codes
(Programs) that make the computer perform tasks.
User: The computer operators are known as users.
Data: Consists of raw facts, which the computer stores and reads in the form of numbers
The following features
characterize this electronic
machine:
Speed
Accuracy
Storage and Retrieval
Repeated Processing Capabilities
Reliability
Flexibility
, Low cost
These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.
Input -Input data is prepared in some convenient form for processing. The form will depend on the
processing machine. For example, when electronic computers are used, the input data could be
recorded on any one of several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes and so on.
Processing - In this step input data is changed to produce data in a more useful form. For example,
paychecks may be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month may be
calculated from the sales orders.
Output - The result of the proceeding processing step are collected. The particular form of the output
data depends on the use of the data. For example, output data may be pay-checks for employees.
Language Processors:
Assembler: This language processor converts the program written in assembly language into
machine language.
Interpreter: This language processor converts High-Level Language program into machine language
by converting and executing it line by line.
Compiler:-It also converts the HLL program into machine language but the conversion manner is
different. It converts the entire HLL program in one go and reports all the errors of the program along
with the line numbers.
Software
Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make
the hardware run.
Analog computers
Analog computers always take input in form of signals.
The input data is not a number infect a physical quantity like temp., pressure, speed, velocity.
Signals are continuous of (0 to 10 V).
Accuracy 1% Approximately.
