EBM 5
✅✅
*In a data set with an even number of observations, the median is the: -
-*average of the two observations at the center of the ordered
observations.
✅✅
*What item tells us the most frequently occurring value in a distribution? -
-*Mode
✅✅
*What is used to display the frequencies or proportions of observations in a
categorical scale data set? - -*Bar graph
*In the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure reported.
What is the data scale for the primary outcome measure?
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their
cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse
populations.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with
a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors.
DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov:
NCT00609271)
SETTING: A large academic medical center.
PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease
and diabetes.
INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily
energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received
dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial.
✅✅
MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and
dietary - -*Continuous
*Read the following description of the Framingham Heart Study (which is a
famous, longitudinal study): Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading
cause of death and serious illness in the United States. In 1948, the
Framingham Heart Study - under the direction of the National Heart Institute
(now known as the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute or NHLBI) -
embarked on an ambitious project in health research. At the time, little was
known about the general causes of heart disease and stroke, but the death
rates for CVD had been increasing steadily since the beginning of the century
and had become an American epidemic. The Framingham Heart Study
, became a joint project of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and
Boston University. The objective of the Framingham Heart Study is to identify
✅✅
the common factors or characteristics that contribute to CVD by following its
development over a long period of time i - -*Cohort study
*Read the following description of the Koppos et al study that compared two
medications for treating multiple sclerosis: The most common medication for
treatment of multiple sclerosis interferon beta-1a. A new medication,
daclizumab HYP, has been developed showing a similar efficacy to interferon
beta-1a. Both medications have been found to be safe in small studies
involving samples sizes ranging from 50 to 70 subjects.1,2,3 Further
controlled clinical trials established efficacy of daclizumab HYP, identifying
short term side effects and risks of the medications.4,5 It is not known,
however, if daclizumab HYP is superior to interferon beta-1a in terms of the
frequency and severity of relapse episodes, nor the degree of remission that
occurs at the end of relapse periods.
PURPOSE: A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multi-site, national
✅✅
clinical trial was performed (n = 1,841) to compare daclizumab HYP (adm -
-*Phase III clinical trial
*6: In the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure reported.
What is the data type for the primary outcome
measure?AbstractBACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for
weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied,
particularly in diverse populations.OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a
low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on body weight and
cardiovascular risk factors.DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial.
(ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00609271)SETTING: A large academic medical
center.PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular
disease and diabetes.INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or
low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet.
Both groups received dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the
✅✅
trial.MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and
dietary compos - -*Quantitative
*In a study on the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment
for insomnia, the researchers utilized the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
(PSQI) as their primary outcome measure. The study included a sample of
480 adults, 278 female (57.9%). With the PSQI, a reduction in score indicates
improvement in sleep quality. Prior research has shown that a 5% change on
✅✅
*In a data set with an even number of observations, the median is the: -
-*average of the two observations at the center of the ordered
observations.
✅✅
*What item tells us the most frequently occurring value in a distribution? -
-*Mode
✅✅
*What is used to display the frequencies or proportions of observations in a
categorical scale data set? - -*Bar graph
*In the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure reported.
What is the data scale for the primary outcome measure?
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their
cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse
populations.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with
a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors.
DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov:
NCT00609271)
SETTING: A large academic medical center.
PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease
and diabetes.
INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily
energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received
dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial.
✅✅
MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and
dietary - -*Continuous
*Read the following description of the Framingham Heart Study (which is a
famous, longitudinal study): Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading
cause of death and serious illness in the United States. In 1948, the
Framingham Heart Study - under the direction of the National Heart Institute
(now known as the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute or NHLBI) -
embarked on an ambitious project in health research. At the time, little was
known about the general causes of heart disease and stroke, but the death
rates for CVD had been increasing steadily since the beginning of the century
and had become an American epidemic. The Framingham Heart Study
, became a joint project of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and
Boston University. The objective of the Framingham Heart Study is to identify
✅✅
the common factors or characteristics that contribute to CVD by following its
development over a long period of time i - -*Cohort study
*Read the following description of the Koppos et al study that compared two
medications for treating multiple sclerosis: The most common medication for
treatment of multiple sclerosis interferon beta-1a. A new medication,
daclizumab HYP, has been developed showing a similar efficacy to interferon
beta-1a. Both medications have been found to be safe in small studies
involving samples sizes ranging from 50 to 70 subjects.1,2,3 Further
controlled clinical trials established efficacy of daclizumab HYP, identifying
short term side effects and risks of the medications.4,5 It is not known,
however, if daclizumab HYP is superior to interferon beta-1a in terms of the
frequency and severity of relapse episodes, nor the degree of remission that
occurs at the end of relapse periods.
PURPOSE: A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multi-site, national
✅✅
clinical trial was performed (n = 1,841) to compare daclizumab HYP (adm -
-*Phase III clinical trial
*6: In the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure reported.
What is the data type for the primary outcome
measure?AbstractBACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for
weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied,
particularly in diverse populations.OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a
low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on body weight and
cardiovascular risk factors.DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial.
(ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00609271)SETTING: A large academic medical
center.PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular
disease and diabetes.INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or
low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet.
Both groups received dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the
✅✅
trial.MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and
dietary compos - -*Quantitative
*In a study on the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment
for insomnia, the researchers utilized the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
(PSQI) as their primary outcome measure. The study included a sample of
480 adults, 278 female (57.9%). With the PSQI, a reduction in score indicates
improvement in sleep quality. Prior research has shown that a 5% change on
