Straighterline Sociology 101 Exam Questions and Complete Solutions

Straighterline Sociology 101 Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Life course theorist suggest - Answer: socialization continues through all stages of the cycle of life Sara takes her four-year-old brother Matt to a carnival for the first time. They decide to ride the merry-go-round. Matt runs to the front of the line. His sister pulls him back and explains they have to stand in line. This is an example of - Answer: socialization Bob is on his first date with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. This is an example of - Answer: impression management Jane has two young, active children. She is also the primary caregiver of her aging father, who still lives alone but needs help around the house and assistance in getting to doctors appointments. Which of the following best describes Jane's situation? - Answer: Jane is a member of the sandwich generation A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of - Answer: rites of passage what is the term used for the set of culture beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests? - Answer: dominant ideology a group to which people feel they do not belong is called an - Answer: out-group Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's - Answer: race, gender, and age Which of the sociological prespectives would express concern about those with power, whether media companies or governments, exercising control over what people can see and read? - Answer: conflict perspective William I Thomas wrote from which prespective when observing that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation, but also to the meaning that person or situation has for them? - Answer: interactionist prospective which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues? - Answer: functionalist prospective a master status is a - Answer: A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society. which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status? - Answer: social role The U.s government was heavenly criticized for which of the following media monitoring behaviors after 9/11? - Answer: authorizing wiretaps of U.S citizens telephone conversation Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute, gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would suggest he has committed various - Answer: victimless crimes The social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with which other sociological explanation of deviance? - Answer: labeling theory Crime is a violation of - Answer: criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. a person convicted of a crime- even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account - is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is - Answer: white and non-hispanic In Robert merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as - Answer: rituals which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known? - Answer: interactionlist perspective The term social control refers to - Answer: techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society which theory attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions? - Answer: social disorganization theory A corporative Vice President is convicted of attempting to bribe presidential aide. This type of crime is called - Answer: White-collar crime In a city on the East Coast, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family," but they were eventually displaced by African Americans. This would be an example of - Answer: ethnic succession Max weber uses the term class to refer to people who share a similar level of - Answer: wealth and income which of the following did max weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification? - Answer: class, status, and power In Karl Marx's view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a - Answer: false consciousness An inner-city youth spends many hours in the neighborhood playground shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, and he receives a college scholarship and then signs a lucrative contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of - Answer: vertical mobility A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called - Answer: social inequality Max weber defined ... as the ability to exercise one's will over others. - Answer: power which of the following types of stratisfactionsystems requires peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services - Answer: estate Every evening at a neighborhood bar, the clientele, which consists of construction workers, police officers, plumbers, and factory workers, watches sports events on the big screen television set and play pool. The people who "hang out" in this bar are an example of a: - Answer: status group A status group refers to: - Answer: people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position. which of the following terms refers to heredity systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated? - Answer: castes The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another, thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint, is known as - Answer: role taking In the nature versus nurture debate, which position do social scientists take? - Answer: it is the interaction between enviornmental factors and biological inheritance that is important in human development the dramaturgical approach is - Answer: a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers Areas where older Americans congregate and that gradually become informal centers for senior citizens are known as - Answer: naturally occurring retirement communities according to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost entirely by - Answer: economic rewards The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems is known as - Answer: trained incapacity Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status? - Answer: college planning based on the human relations approach focuses on - Answer: workers' feeling frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies In the U.s, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese foods, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of a - Answer: postmodern society According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that - Answer: humans interpret or define each other's actions The term "media monitoring" is used most often to refer to - Answer: interstate's groups' monitoring of content The inclusion of local news on 24-hour cable news channels contributed to the growth of .. media - Answer: hyper local According to the text, cell phone have been crucial in providing .. to help aid global refugees - Answer: migration statistics which of the sociological perspectives would see the debate over media content as an extension of everyday life - Answer: interactionalist perspective The complex issues of censorships can be considered to be an illustration of - Answer: culture lag magazines would be considered - Answer: mass media The term "ethnic succession," as used by Daniel Bell, refers to - Answer: the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to another An individual being imprisoned for murder is an example of a - Answer: formal sanction in his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton - Answer: created a typology to explain the basic types of adaptations people make to culture in which of the following would anomie be felt to its greatest effect - Answer: a man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the great depression of the 1930's A person convicted of a crime- even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account - is most likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is - Answer: white and non- Hispanic obedience refers to - Answer: compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure which of the following terms did Karl max use to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the class's objective position? - Answer: false consciousness A system under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection is known as a - Answer: estate system what term did Thorstein Veblen use to refer to the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination for dinner? - Answer: conspicuous leisure An ascribed status is a social position - Answer: assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemist if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators? - Answer: Functionalist Perspective Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality - Answer: conflict perspective Through the establishment of the Pan-Cordillera Women's Network for Peace and Development in the Philippines, which of the following have the women volunteers accomplished? - Answer: negotiated thousands of peace pacts among community members Developing nations define poverty as - Answer: he minimum income a person needs to survive. Sociologists are quick to note that terms such as modernization and development contain a(n) ________ bias. - Answer: ethnocentric Whichof the following is an example of a core nation? - Answer: Germany In Immanuel Wallerstein's view, the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. This view is referred to as - Answer: world systems analysis. The police practice of assuming that people of a certain race, ethnicity, or national origin are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as - Answer: Racial profiling The drawing of formal boundaries between groups who are unable to resolve an ethnic or racial conflict is known as - Answer: Secession In Australia, when Aborigines become part of the dominant society but then refuse to acknowledge their grandparents' traditional tribal ways, they are practicing the process of - Answer: minority groups The pattern of discrimination against people who try to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods is known as - Answer: Redlining An ethnic group is a group - Answer: that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions? - Answer: Instrumentally Women earn about ________ for every dollar a man earns. - Answer: 83 cents The veil may be seen as a rejection of ________ prevalent in Western societies. - Answer: The beauty myth Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"? - Answer: opening a door for a female Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women? - Answer: Matrix of domination Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called - Answer: Homophobia Tom is dying at home, where a home hospice-care worker has visited him frequently, and he has been able to spend meaningful time with his various family members and tell them how important they have been to him. Based on the norms of Western cultures such as those of the United States, Tom is - Answer: having "an appropriate death" According to gerontologist Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, in what phase of the retirement experience do retirees learn to deal with life after retirement in a reasonable and comfortable fashion? - Answer: Stability phase Susan, 56 years of age, and her daughter Beverly, 28 years of age, are both secretaries. They both apply for the same job, and although Susan has much more experience, the company hires Beverly because, as one of the company's owners says, "Who wants a wrinkled old lady to work in our office?" This attitude reflects - Answer: Ageism According to which theoretical perspective is old age a time when people are victimized and their social roles devalued? - Answer: conflict The "act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way for reasons of mercy" is called - Answer: euthanasia Activity theory is associated with which sociological perspective? - Answer: interactionalist prespective What is the difference between a family and a kin group? - Answer: The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together. Which sociological perspective would contend that social scientists need to rethink the notion that families without an adult male present are automatically a cause for concern? - Answer: feminist prespective A married couple, their children, and other relatives—such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles—living together in the same household constitute a(n) - Answer: extended family Although Maria and Juan, a young Mexican American couple, have formed a nuclear family, they enjoy their relationships with parents and relatives and interact with them on a daily basis. This is an example of - Answer: Familism The incest taboo is an example of - Answer: exogamy The process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents is referred to as - Answer: adoption Which sociological perspective would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletariat class? - Answer: conflict prespective Machismo refers to - Answer: a sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness. Which sociological perspective(s) would most likely focus attention on the personal relationships between stepparents and their stepchildren and the family dynamics involved in such relationships? - Answer: interactionist perspective In societies with economic considerations at play, arranged marriages are engineered by - Answer: parents Which pattern of descent is most typical in the U.S.? - Answer: bilateral Monogamy refers to a form of marriage in which - Answer: an individual has one partner Patrilineal descent refers to a - Answer: kinship system that favors the relatives of the father. Why is divorce for many same-sex couples currently more complicated than for opposite-sex couples? - Answer: Before same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide, many same-sex couples traveled outside their home jurisdictions in order to be legally married. Feminists have argued that laws in the U.S. traditionally viewed wives and children as the property of the husband. This view reflects the concerns of which sociological perspective? - Answer: conflict perspective Which sociological perspective supports the view of marriage as a social institution closely tied to human reproduction? - Answer: functionalist perspective According to Immanuel Wallerstein's analysis, the United States is considered at the ________, whereas neighboring Mexico remains on the semiperiphery of the world economic system. - Answer: Core Gerontology is - Answer: the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged. The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as - Answer: sexism World systems analysis is - Answer: immanuel Wallerstein's view that nations exist in an interdependent global economy resting on unequal economic and political relationships. Which psychologist developed a model of adult socialization that includes stages of early adult, midlife, and later adult transitions? - Answer: Daniel Levinson In Immanuel Wallerstein's view, the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. This view is referred to as - Answer: world systems analysis. The minority aged population is expected to - Answer: increase in the next 40 years Which of the following sociological perspectives finds that women feel empowered by the experience of combat? - Answer: interactionalist Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________. - Answer: belief; action Joe grew up in an Italian household in an Italian community in New Jersey. He believes that the traditional Italian celebration of Easter, which includes a large number of family members and mountains of food consumed during a long dinner, is the best way to celebrate this holiday. Joe is illustrating - Answer: Ethnocentrism Which of the following is a common characteristic among feminist researchers? - Answer: They tend to involve and consult subjects more. Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use - Answer: publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another. A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as - Answer: a survey Adler and Adler's work on self-injury reflects which of the three major sociological approaches? - Answer: functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process? - Answer: formulate a hypothesis When generalizing about both heterosexuals and homosexuals, researchers must be extremely careful with which of the following? - Answer: Wording questions Which sociologist argued that sociological research should be open to bringing about social change and to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists? - Answer: Shulamit Reinharz To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as - Answer: a survey Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be - Answer: a non reactive form of research The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of - Answer: a hypothesis Which of the following is a common characteristic among feminist researchers? - Answer: They tend to involve and consult subjects more. Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use - Answer: publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another. A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as - Answer: a survey Adler and Adler's work on self-injury reflects which of the three major sociological approaches? - Answer: functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process? - Answer: formulate a hypothesis When generalizing about both heterosexuals and homosexuals, researchers must be extremely careful with which of the following? - Answer: wording questions Which sociologist argued that sociological research should be open to bringing about social change and to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists? - Answer: Shulamit Reinharz To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as - Answer: a survey Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be - Answer: a nonreactive form of research The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of - Answer: a hypothesis According to a May 2017 national survey, which of the following racial/ethnic groups considers health care to be one of the most important issues facing the nation? - Answer: asian americans General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called - Answer: cultural universals According to research, the proportion of students who cheat is often higher among - Answer: college students Which of the following is an example of an ethnocentric belief? - Answer: Being repelled by the American practice of living in a household with dogs and cats mores are - Answer: norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. In this way, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective? - Answer: functionalist prespective Countercultures thrive amongst - Answer: the young In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations? - Answer: feminist prespective a subculture is - Answer: a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger group. difussion is - Answer: process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society. The study of international crime rates is an example of - Answer: global sociology The word(s) that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was - Answer: verstehen The study and comparison of the cultural norms of two nations is a component of - Answer: global sociology Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy White males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the - Answer: conflict prespective The division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities is referred to as - Answer: double conciousness The state of Ohio has a dwindling population. In an effort to increase the birthrate in the state, it offers a $5,000 bonus to all families giving birth in the state for the next three years. Which of the following is the latent function? - Answer: An increase in the need for teachers as a result of more children in the Ohio educational system An attempt to explain problems, actions, or behavior in a comprehensive manner is called a(n) - Answer: A theory Which social science would be interested in studying individual cases of emotional stress among workers, investors, and business owners? - Answer: physcology A sociologist who studies the unequal economic reality between men and women would probably be following which of the following perspectives? - Answer: conflict Which of the following relationships best shows causal logic? - Answer: The time spent reviewing for a test may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of getting a high score. Which of the following was a common criticism of Exxon's actions after the 1989 Valdez disaster? - Answer: Exxon did not volunteer to fund research on clean-up technologies or long-term environmental costs. The race of a criminal offender is found to determine the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, the frequency with which capital punishment is administered would be considered the - Answer: dependent variable What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation? - Answer: The Hawthorne effect Why was Rik Scarce, a doctoral student at Washington State University, placed in jail in 1993? - Answer: for preserving the confidentiality of his research A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of - Answer: the hawthorne effect Which of the following institutions has continuously perpetuated a highly sexualized society? - Answer: mass media Which one of the following statements is true regarding the subjects of Adler and Adler's study of self-injurers? - Answer: Their behavior is carefully planned. Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as - Answer: sanctions Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as - Answer: informal norms Sociobiology is the systematic study of - Answer: how biology affects human social behavior. In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations? - Answer: Feminist prespective "Attacks on bilingualism represent an ethnocentric point of view." This statement best reflects the views of which sociological perspective? - Answer: conflict prespective Anthropologist Horace Miner's description of the body ritual among the Nacirema is used to show - Answer: the ability to learn something new about society. English-speaking people in the U.S. commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of - Answer: cultural diffusion ______ consists of all objects and ideas within a society. - Answer: culture Gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images all fall within the category of - Answer: nonverbal communications an ideal type - Answer: construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. Which of the following is true regarding actions by the Exxon Corporation after the 1989 Valdez disaster? - Answer: Exxon offered research money for sociologists doing research on jury deliberations Bestowing status on students by awarding them a diploma after they have successfully completed all graduation requirements can be considered a - Answer: manifest function of education. The term hidden curriculum refers to - Answer: the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in school what is tracking? - Answer: The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria. Which researcher's work yielded the concept referred to as the teacher-expectancy effect? - Answer: Robert Rosenthal In a particular school system, a teacher's aide must report to her teacher, and the teacher must report to his assistant principal, who then must report to her principal, who then must report to the superintendent, who ultimately is responsible to the board of education. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy? - Answer: Hierarchy of authority Many cultures have shamans, or spiritual guides, who assist individuals on spiritual journeys to the "underworld" or some other non-earthly realm. These shamanic journeys would likely be considered part of - Answer: the sacred Which is the single largest faith in the world? - Answer: christianity Which sociological perspective emphasizes individual religious expression through belief, ritual, and experience? - Answer: interactionist Facing east toward Mecca while saying one's morning prayers is a characteristic of the Muslim religion. This behavior is an example of a religious - Answer: ritual The feeling of exaltation that a person has when hearing a choir sing is characterized as a religious - Answer: experience Max Weber defined force as - Answer: the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others. Which of the following terms refers to power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised? - Answer: authority In the United States, there is a presidential election every four years. After the election, nearly half the population readily accepts the leadership of the person for whom they did not vote. This is an example of - Answer: rational legal authority What term for government do we use to refer to a small group of individuals who rule? - Answer: oligarchy Which of the following terms did C. Wright Mills use to refer to the military leaders of the power elite at the top of his pyramid structure? - Answer: warlords Which of the following statements regarding the medicalization of society is true? - Answer: Physicians continue to exert power to ensure midwifery remains a subordinate occupation. Social epidemiology is defined as the - Answer: study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population Massages, respiratory experiences, and the use of herbs as remedies are considered - Answer: holistic medicine practice The term ________ refers to the relatively permanent movement of people, with the purpose of changing their place of residence, usually over a distance greater than from one side of a city to another. - Answer: migration Which of the following perspectives sees the despoliation of the environment through the lens of world systems analysis? - Answer: conflict prespective A ________ is an exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long period. - Answer: craze Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization? - Answer: differentiation Electronic communication can aid new social movements - Answer: by strengthening a group's solidarity. Which term refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions? - Answer: culture lag Which of the following illustrates relative deprivation? - Answer: middle-management workers in a corporation who are discontented because they cannot afford the luxury cars or expensive homes that their bosses have Maureen Hallinan, former president of the American Sociological Association, has been critical of the ________ of social change. - Answer: evolutionary theory and equilibrium model Which sociologist pointed out that one cannot devise methods for controlling and utilizing new technology before the introduction of a technique, and that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture? - Answer: William Ogburn Which individual, likely the most prolific researcher of collective behavior in the last four decades, introduced the concept of the assembling process? - Answer: Clarke mcphail Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize the feature of social change that involves social institutions becoming more specialized in their purposes? - Answer: adaptive upgrading Which term refers to cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires? - Answer: technology Which sociological perspective portrays contemporary education as basically benign—for example, it argues that schools rationally sort and select students for future high-status positions, thereby meeting society's need for talented and expert personnel? - Answer: functionalist perspective Which sociologist pointed out that better-educated people tend to have greater access to factual information? - Answer: Robin Williams Your professor receives a promotion when she publishes a journal article within her body of expertise, instead of the promotion going to the department chair's brother-in-law who used to be a cashier but could really use the money. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy? - Answer: employment based on technical qualifications In schools in the United States, bilingual education has been defended on the grounds that it - Answer: is a means to encourage cultural diversion In a particular school system, a teacher's aide must report to her teacher, and the teacher must report to his assistant principal, who then must report to her principal, who then must report to the superintendent, who ultimately is responsible to the board of education. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy? - Answer: hierarchy of authority The correspondence principle refers to the tendency of - Answer: schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next. The feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion is called a religious - Answer: experience Secularization is the - Answer: process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the integrative power of religion in human society? - Answer: functionalist perspectives Which form of government governed on the basis of traditional forms of authority? - Answer: monarchy Affirmative action is defined as - Answer: positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Adolf Hitler, and Joan of Arc were all leaders who used their respective power to press for changes in accepted social behavior. Their power came from what kind of authority? - Answer: charsmatic authoriy Which of the following is a way in which medicine manifests as social control? - Answer: both through a greatly expanded domain of expertise and by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures Which of the following has been a barrier for research on women's health? - Answer: b. Women have often been excluded from clinical studies. An individual determines whether or not he or she is healthy based on - Answer: b. criteria established by themselves; their relatives, friends, and coworkers; and medical practitioners. Which type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics? - Answer: holistic Which of the following statements regarding social epidemiology is true? - Answer: c. Epidemiologists draw on the work of a wide variety of scientists and researchers. Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology, such as birth control pills, abortion pills, in-vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates - Answer: culture lag The expectation that African and Latin countries will change by moving in the same direction as Western societies is consistent with - Answer: evolutionary theory The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it - Answer: b. permits people to seize control of the historical process and gain their freedom from injustice. Which sociological perspective suggests that censorship is an ever-present danger that society's most powerful groups will use to invade the privacy of the less powerful? - Answer: b. conflict perspective Which sociological perspective would likely be interested in the labels attached to activists associated with social movements, such as a feminist student referred to as a "bra burner"? - Answer: interactionalist prespective