B10-B16 Biology (Paper 2) Summary Questions and Study Guide with merged Complete Solutions

1. Receptors - Ans .Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment. 2. Coordination centres - Ans .Receive and process information from receptors 3. Effectors - Ans .cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment 4. Homeostasis - Ans .A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level 5. Insulin - Ans .A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics 6. Adrenaline - Ans .A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress 7. Synapse - Ans .A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next. 8. CNS (central nervous system) - Ans .consists of the brain and spinal cord 9. senory neurons - Ans .neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord 10. motor neurons - Ans .neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands 11. Relay neurone - Ans .A short type of neurone, found in the spinal cord and brain. Relay neurones link with sensory, motor and other relay neurones. 12. reflex arc - Ans .A relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement. 13. endocrine system - Ans .Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. 14. Glands - Ans .Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many of our bodily functions 15. pituitary gland - Ans .The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. 16. adrenal glands - Ans .a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. the adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. 17. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - Ans .stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production 18. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - Ans .stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone 19. ADH - Ans .antidiuretic hormone 20. Glucagon - Ans .A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. 21. type 2 diabetes - Ans .Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production. 22. Type 1 diabetes - Ans .Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. 23. Ovulation - Ans .The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month 24. length of menstrual cycle - Ans .28 d