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1. Coal and petroleum are two essential fossil fuels that have played a significant role in powering our modern world. Coal, a black sedimentary rock, is formed from the remains of plants that lived and died millions of years ago. It is primarily used for electricity generation and industrial processes due to its high carbon content. With its abundant reserves, coal has been a reliable source of energy for centuries. 2. On the other hand, petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a naturally occurring liquid found deep beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of marine organisms and organic matter. Petroleum is a versatile fuel that is refined into various products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and heating oil. It is not only used for transportation but also serves as a crucial raw material in the production of plastics, chemicals, and lubricants. 3. Both coal and petroleum have their advantages and disadvantages. Coal is relatively inexpensive and widely available, making it a popular choice for electricity generation in many countries. However, burning coal releases harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and climate change. On the other hand, petroleum is a highly efficient fuel with a higher energy density, making it ideal for transportation. Nevertheless, its extraction and refining processes can have detrimental environmental impacts, including oil spills and greenhouse gas emissions. 4. In conclusion, coal and petroleum are two valuable resources that have shaped our modern society. While coal has been a reliable source of energy for centuries, petroleum has revolutionized transportation and become a vital component in various industries. However, it is crucial to explore and invest in cleaner and more sustainable alternatives to reduce our dependence on these fossil fuels and mitigate their environmental impact.

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Coal and petroleum
The chapter of coal and petroleum studies about these exhaustible
Natural resources in detail. The chapter begins by telling the story of coal in detail . it
further moves on the coke in brief .
After that we will be introduced to petroleum. Moreover, it also explains about the
refining of petroleum.
The topic of natural gas will be explored in the chapter to give us a fair idea about it.
Other than that , we see how this chapter also lays emphasis on how some natural resources
are limited.
Thus, this chapter will be a great way of making us realize the scarcity of these substances
in today’s world .
With the ongoing crisis of shortage of these materials, this chapter is a great help.
Moreover it also discusses their properties and origin for better understanding.


Introduction
We use various materials for our basic needs. Some of them are found in nature and
some of them made by human efforts.

Q1.what are natural resources ?
A.resources which are obtained by nature.

, Types of natural resources
-there are broadly 2 types of natural resources

1. inexhaustible natural resources
Resources which are unlimitedly present in nature .
These are not likely to be exhausted by human activities.
Eg:- water (not only cleared), sunlight

2. Exhaustible natural resources
Resources which are limited present in nature.
These can be exhausted by human activities.
Eg:-forest,wildlife,minerals,coal,petroleum,natural gas.

Q2.can sunlight get exhausted by human activities ?
a.Sunlight is an ultimate source of energy available free of cost. It cannot be exhausted by human
activities as it is produced by a natural process of fusion inside the sun. Due to this nuclear fusion
an extremely large amount of energy is produced which comes in the form of sunlight.




Fuels
A fuel is a substance, which bums In air to produce energy without releasing
harmful gasses in large quantities.Fuels can be classified as natural (primary)
fuels and derived (secondary) fuels. If a fuel Is present in its natural state, it is

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June 17, 2024
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2023/2024
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