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a.) deduce with reasons which two oils would be the best sources of fatty acids for a healthy diet - correct answer Canola oil, flaxseed oil b.) outline the meaning of the term essential when used to describe some fatty acids - correct answer b.) outline the meaning of the term essential when used to describe some fatty acids b.) outline the meaning of the term essential when used to describe some fatty acids - correct answer hypothalamus ii. State the role of the vagus nerve - correct answer To decrease the heart rate with the parasympathetic stimulation a.) i. Describe the relationship between the maternal blood vitamin d levels and the incidence of seizures - correct answer Low maternal blood vitamin D levels results in more seizures among infants ii. Deduce the reason for rickets in these infants - correct answer If they are not receiving enough vitamin D from their mothers in the breast milk, then they themselves will not have enough vitamin D. Without sufficient vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus cannot be absorbed, and if they aren't absorbed, they will be excreted. Ca and P contribute to mineralization of bones, which cannot occur when they are excreted in the feces, leading to rickets. Rickets are where bones are deformed. b.) identify the reason for vitamin D not being considered to be a typical vitamin - correct answer Vitamin D can be naturally synthesized by the body when a chemical precursor is exposed to UV light (like sunlight) c.) outline the reason for some amino acids being classified as essential amino acids - correct answer Essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body and therefore must be present in the diet 22.) Explain a method to quantify the energy content in food. - correct answer The energy content of food can be estimated by burning a sample of known mass and measuring the energy released via calorimetry. Combustion of the food source causes the stores energy to be released as heat, which raises the temperature of water. The amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius is 4.18 Joules (specific heat capacity of water). The food sources should be burnt at a constant distance from the water to ensure reliability of results. 19.) discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans - correct answer Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer from hypertension and type II diabetes. Underweight individuals are more likely to suffer from a breakdown of body tissues. Malnutrition may be caused by a deficiency, imbalance, or excess of nutrients. The three different forms of malnutrition are obesity (overweight), wasting (underweight), or stunting (too short). The symptoms of malnutrition are different based on the specific nutrient or type of imbalance involved. a.) using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed by the student. - correct answer 25% b.) suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed by the student - correct answer Essential amino acids such as lysine, leucine, or phenylalanine c.) the tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium. Overconsumption of dietary sodium can lead to hypertension. Explain what is meant by hypertension, referring to specific diastolic and systolic values. - correct answer Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure. It can be systolic, diastolic, or both. Systolic hypertension is a high top number (pressure in blood vessel when heart beats-above 130) and diastolic hypertension is a high bottom number (pressure in arteries when heart rests between beats-90 or above). d.) the recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 ug. The student consumed just 4 ug. State two potential health consequences of vitamin D deficiency. - correct answer d.) the recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 ug. The student consumed just 4 ug. State two potential health consequences of vitamin D deficiency. a.) Identify the increased probability of an obese person having hypertension relative to someone who has normal weight. - correct answer a.) Identify the increased probability of an obese person having hypertension relative to someone who has normal weight. b.) explain how the administration of a drug that stimulates the leptin receptors in the hypothalamus could help treat obesity. - correct answer Because leptin lowers appetite, if the leptin receptors are more stimulated, the appetite of the person will be lowered, therefore making them eat less and that would make them lose weight. Obese people often just do not respond to the leptin in their hypothalamus, so this would make them respond to it. a.) calculate how many grams of protein should be consumed each day. Working is not required. - correct answer 50 grams b.) state one function of sodium in the diet. - correct answer To control blood pressure c.) identify, with a reason, which milk provides more energy in a 250 g serving. - correct answer The whole milk provides more energy in a 250 gram serving because it has more protein and fat, which can be other sources of energy d.) suggest, with reasons, which milk would be recommended for someone with osteomalacia. - correct answer The skimmed milk would be better because it has more grams of calcium 19.) explain the possible health risks of being overweight - correct answer Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer from hypertension and type II diabetes. Hypertension is high blood pressure, and is caused when the excess weight places more strain on the heart to pump blood through the body, leading to faster heart rate and higher blood pressure. It can also be caused by high cholesterol diets, which leads to atheroclerosis, narrowing the blood vessels which contributes to higher blood pressure, and hypertension can lead to coronary heart disease. Type II diabetes occurs when fat, liver, and muscle cells become unresponsive to insulin, which normally occurs from a diet rich in sugars causing the overstimulation of these cells by insulin. 18.) a.) outline the importance of acid conditions in the stomach - correct answer Acid conditions in the stomach favor some hydrolysis reactions and help to control pathogens in ingested food. Acid conditions in the stomach assist in the digestion of food (by dissolving chemical bonds within food molecules), activate stomach proteases, and prevent pathogenic infection (acids destroy microorganisms in ingested food). c.) suggest one reason for a correlation between a low-fiber diet and a higher incidence of gastrointestinal problems - correct answer Without enough fiber, there are digestive issues. Fiber provides bulk in the intestines to help keep materials moving through the gut, meaning without that fiber, materials do not move through the gut as easily. 18.) a.) state two roles of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice - correct answer HCl causes the activation of enzymes, and kills bacteria that enters the stomach Pancreatic juice is secreted into the pancreatic duct which carries these secretions to the small intestine. The hormone secretin is released by the small intestine when hydrochloric acid enters it from the stomach. The data below shows the volume of pancreatic juice released after an injection of secretin. b.) Pancreatic secretions contain sodium hydrogen carbonate, making them basic. Deduce the significance of the response by the pancreas to secretin. - correct answer If stomach pH drops too low, gastrin secretion is inhibited by gut hormones (secretin). Secretin stimulates the pancreas and liver to release digestive juices. The bicarbonate ion neutralizes stomach conditions. c.) state one cause of stomach ulcers. - correct answer Helicobacter pylori infection degrades the mucus lining exposing the stomach wall to gastric acids a.) outline the importance of the proton pumps in the digestion of foods. - correct answer The proton pumps secrete hydrogen ions which combine with chlorine ions to form hydrochloric acid which breaks down food b.) explain the use of proton pump inhibitors to treat patients complaining of stomach pain. - correct answer PPI's bind to the proton pumps and prevent hydrogen ion secretion, which raises the pH in the stomach to prevent gastric discomfort caused by high acidity. 18.) a.) state one role of fiber in the diet - correct answer 18.) a.) state one role of fiber in the diet b.) outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the gut when there is food present - correct answer Nervous mechanism and hormonal mechanism. Nervous is when the sight and smell of food triggers an immediate response by which gastric juice is secreted by the stomach pre-ingestion. When food enters the stomach is causes distension, which is detected by stretch receptors in the stomach lining. Signals are sent to the brain, which triggers the release of digestive hormones to achieve sustained gastric stimulation. Hormonal mechanism is when gastrin is secreted into the bloodstream from the gastric pits of the stomach and stimulates the release of stomach acids. When digested food passes into the small intestine, the duodenum also releases digestive hormones. Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the pancreas and liver to release digestive juices. (overall: stretch receptors send signals to brain, which triggers secretion of digestive juices, stomach releases gastrin which promotes production of stomach acids, and intestine releases secretin and CCK stimulating secretion of pancreatic juice and bile) c.) outline the role of intestinal villi - correct answer Microvilli (ruffling of epithelial membrane further increases surface area), rich blood supply (dense capillary network rapidly transports absorbed products), single layer epithelium (minimizes diffusion distance between lumen and blood), lacteals (absorbs lipids from the intestine into the lymphatic system), intestinal glands (exocrine pits release digestive juices), and membrane proteins (facilitates transport of digested materials into epit