PCOL 355 Exam 3 Questions with Correct Answers.docx

PCOL 355 Exam 3 Questions with Correct A Nonoxyl-9 (N-9) - Answer-Has been shown to kill bacteria and viruses that cause STDs Causes loss of sperm function Chitosan powder - Answer-Provides highest residence time in the nasal cavity Residence time - Answer-Longest time for 50% drug clearance Mucociliary clearance/ transport - Answer-Preservatives can slow down mucociliary clearance Decrease in temperature can slow it down The rate of it can be altered by high viscosity in ATP depletion Gel systems in vaginal drug delivery - Answer-Need to add Bioadhesive The formation of aerosol droplets form from nebulizer nozzles and driven by - Answer-A reduction in pressure caused by flow through constricted areas The spacer classes that are used with pMDIs are complex close to chamber, reservoir, and reversed flow. (t/f) - Answer-False Weber number during Nebulization is directly proportional to - Answer-The nozzle diameter of the nebulizer Can silicone be used to make facemasks for neonate's, infants, and toddlers? - Answer- No Is premarin conjugated estrogens vaginal cream that can be used in high dose to treat painful intercourse due to menopause? - Answer-No- low doses Can facemasks be used with nebulizers, pMDIs, SMIs, and DPIs? - Answer-No not all of those Are SMIs passive inhaler devices that use spring mechanism - Answer-No A permeation enhancers necessary when - Answer-The drug you selected for using nasal truck delivery has a molecular weight of 1100 g/mol and is ionized Vaginal rings: - Answer-Good stability Flexible ring with polymer metrix Provides controlled drug release IUDs - Answer-Long duration of action and low failure rate Small flexible device Cannot be inserted by the patient Vaginal flora - Answer-Includes mainly lactobacilli that convert glycogen to lactic acid vaginal suppositories - Answer-Inserted by patient Need to be erodible Vaginal delivery films - Answer-Higher pregnancy rates than other forms Only as spermicides, not hormones Nasal aerosols - Answer-Target upper resp tract- nose Independent on patient's insp force Chitosan does not adhear through covalent interaction Drug particles delivered to nasal region: - Answer-For local delivery at turbinates: 20-50 microns Nasal anatomy - Answer-There is a high concentration of protease enzymes and mucin turnover is 30 minutes Turbinates - Answer-Less that 150m2 Not (highly keratinized and covered in mucin) Nasal region blood flow: - Answer-Blood flow is diminished by sympathetic stimulation which result in decreased mucus formulation Zinc Nasal Gel - Answer-Improves the immune system and zinc deficient infants and children Is an anti-flu/antiviral product Miacalcin - Answer-Used for systemic drug delivery by the nasal aerosol delivery route (nasal product) OTC nasal irrigation products - Answer-Saline solutions Preservatives in metered pump nasal spray (multi-dose) - Answer-Preservatives can be benzalkonium chloride and potassium sorbate Preservatives are antimicrobial They may be irritating to membranes Naloxone delivery by nasal route - Answer-Indicated for the rescue treatment of opioid and heroin overdose Non invasive pulmonary administration - Answer-Inhalation aerosol delivery Invasive pulmonary administration - Answer-Intra-tracheal instillation- not patient friendly Autohaler device - Answer-Breath-actuated Advantages of pulmonary inhalation aerosol delivery - Answer-Requires low-dose and has a fast onset of action Lung mucous removal can be altered by: - Answer-Lung disease Changs ciliary activity Change mucus viscosity Aerodynamic diameter is proportional to - Answer-The square root of the particle density Nebulizers - Answer-Independent of a inspiratory force Ease of manufacture of aqueous solution Useful in pediatric and geriatric populations Droplet mechanism and dispersion in nebulization - Answer-Droplets form at critical weber number We crit HFA properties - Answer-High stability Poor solvent DPIs - Answer-powder reservoir DPIs always contain desiccant Nebulizer droplet size - Answer-Directly proportional to viscosity of the liquid Weibel Model of pulmonary tree - Answer-Two zones(conducting and respiratory zone) 23 total generations 3 major modes of particle disposition in lung - Answer-Impaction-inertia Sedimentation- gravity Diffusion- brownian motion 2 minor modes of particle deposition in lung - Answer-Electrostatic attraction Interception- inertia Aerolizer - Answer-Unit dose capsule based DPI device Neohaler - Answer-Unit dose capsule based DPI device Handihaler - Answer-Unit dose capsule DPI device Deep lung alveolar region - Answer-Not Covered with mucus Sandwich device (release order?) - Answer-Sustained release(pseudo first/zero order) Matrix device (release order?) - Answer-First order Reservoir device (release order?) - Answer-Zero order Vaginal pH healthy women - Answer-Acidic Vag ph with menstrual blood or semen - Answer-it increases Nebulizers can use - Answer-Facemasks Vaginal ring drug release rate modified by - Answer-Diameter drug core Concentration of drug Thickness of non medicated coating Charged and hydrophilic drugs are - Answer-Not delivered in vaginal systems via Transcellular diffusion Hormonal releasing IUDs - Answer-Thicken mucus at opening of cervix Aerosol particle deposition in nasal delivery - Answer-Inertial impaction Absorption in nasal dd is worst - Answer-When drug is in ionized state Nasal Drug Delivery - Answer-Delivered locally to the turbinates Drug molecular weight range 300-1000 g/mol required for Transcellular absorption in nasal epithelium Nasal isotonic saline - Answer-Maintain healthy cilia Help thin or clear mucus Treat rhinitis and sinusitis Relieve nasal allergies Major regions of nasal cavity - Answer-Atrium Turbinate Nasopharynx Olfactory region NOT sphenoid sinus Oropharyngeal region - Answer-Targeted by particles of 10-40 micrometers deposit pulmonary dd Length and cross sectional area of lung regions and linear velocity of airways - Answer- Length increases, cross sectional area decreases and linear velocity increases Lung surfactants - Answer-Secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells Greatly reduce surface tension if water 0 mN/m Lack of lung surfactants causes resp. Distress syndrome Products on market deliver lung surfactants vis nanotech Gas exchange in lung dd - Answer-Air velocity is inversely related to gas exchange Soft mist inhalers - Answer-Higher fine particles fraction than metered dose inhalers MDIs Air-Jet (Compressor) Nebulizers 3 types - Answer-Standard(unvented) Breath enhanced (vented) Breath activated Vibrating mesh nebulizers - Answer-Aerosol droplets are created by vibrating a piezoelectric crystal at high frequencies Smaller than pMDIs, DPIs, and SMIs Is less efficient than using an ultrasonic nebulizer HFAs in aerosol products - Answer-Exhibit low toxicity and high stability Reversed flow spacers decrease rate of propellant evaporation (t/f) - Answer-False Aerosol interfacial interaction in DPIs - Answer-Triboelectrification Solid bridging Van der walls forces Capillary forces Not diffusion brownian motion Small carrier particles that do not have much i terfacial force must be stripped by shear force so that the drug can reach the lung (t/f) - Answer-False Gellan gum for ophthalmic use - Answer-Its viscosity increases due to non-covalent interactions within tear films Major layer of cornea that rejects hydrophobic drugs - Answer-Stroma Preservatives in single dose ophthalmic products - Answer-Preservatives not needed Ocular delivery - Answer-Epinephrine borate, pH 5.5 to 7.5 Advantages of eye ointments - Answer-Increase resistance time Require less frequent administration than aqueous suspension Sterialization ophthalmic products - Answer-Autoclaving is fast and used for ophthalmic solutions Intravitreal injections - Answer-Have the advantage of injecting high concentration of drug to target partition coefficient - Answer-Concentration drug in membrane / concentration of drug in water Undesirable ophthalmic product - Answer-Bugger particles in solution or suspensions Little to no viscosity for solution or suspensions Amount of drug absorbed increases with - Answer-Viscosity up to a point, then decreases because mass becomes irritating Methods to increase resistance time of drugs in ocular dd - Answer-Introducing polymers that can interact with negatively charged cornea surface Ophthalmic ointment bases that contain paraffins - Answer-Hydrocarbon bases Non-emulsified absorption bases Conjunctival membrane - Answer-Highly permeable to hydrophilic compounds Most lipophilic corneal membrane - Answer-Epithelium Ocular dosage forms to shake - Answer-Necessary for eye drop suspensions