EXAM #5 RESEARCH METHODS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
VERIFIED
Participant - correct answer to describe a human who volunteers to be subjected to
procedures
Subject - correct answer to describe a nonhuman subjected to procedures
Target population - correct answer larger than the accessible population
Accessible population - correct answer smaller than the target population
Probability sampling - correct answer have access to the entire target population
Non-probability sampling - correct answer sample from accessible population to
generalize to target population
Convenience sampling - correct answer (most common)
Subject pool is the group accessible/available for research study
Quota sampling - correct answer 2 forms-- meeting a certain proportion arbitrary or real
Simple quota sampling - correct answer used when know little about target population;
ex. 50 female, 50 male
Proportionate quota sampling - correct answer used when the proportions of certain
characteristics in a target population are known
-- selected knowing characteristic or demographics are proportionately represented in
the sample
Simple random sampling - correct answer all individuals have an equal chance of being
selected and are selected using sampling with replacement
Stratified random sampling - correct answer population divided into subgroups or strata
and participants selected from each subgroup using simple random sampling, combined
into one overall sample
Systematic sampling - correct answer the first participant is selected using simple
random sampling and then every nth person is systematically selected until all
participants have been selected
Cluster sampling - correct answer subgroups or "clusters" of individuals are identified in
a population, and then a portion of clusters that are representative of the population are
selected such that all individuals in the selected clusters are included in the sample
, Difference between cluster and stratified random sampling - correct answer clusters not
selected are omitted from sample; people are selected from every subgroup in stratified
sampling
Sampling error - correct answer sometimes our sample doesn't accurately reflect the
population
Standard error of the mean - correct answer standard deviation of a sampling
distribution of sample means; distance that sample mean values can deviate from the
value of the population mean
How to reduce standard error? - correct answer increasing sample size
Sampling bias (selection bias) - correct answer the sampling procedures employed
favor certain individuals or groups over others
Non-response bias - correct answer a number of participants in one or more groups
choose not to respond to a survey or request to participate in a research study
What are the categories of research questions? - correct answer exploratory
Descriptive
Relational
Exploratory research question - correct answer "what if"
Get an idea of, explore area of research not well understood
Descriptive research question - correct answer "what is", "how"
Characterize, explain, describe variables
Relational research question - correct answer "does", "is"
Determine extent to which specified relationships exist between variables
Causal explanations
Categories of research design? - correct answer non-experimental
Experimental
Quasi-experimental
Non-experimental research design - correct answer used to describe individual
variables and predict the relationship between variables;
Make observations in which the behavior or event is observed "as is" or without
intervention from researcher
Experimental research design - correct answer used to determine the causes of the
behavior that help to explain why the behavior occurs;
Researcher fully controls the conditions and experiences of participants by applying
three required elements of control: randomization, manipulation, comparison/control
VERIFIED
Participant - correct answer to describe a human who volunteers to be subjected to
procedures
Subject - correct answer to describe a nonhuman subjected to procedures
Target population - correct answer larger than the accessible population
Accessible population - correct answer smaller than the target population
Probability sampling - correct answer have access to the entire target population
Non-probability sampling - correct answer sample from accessible population to
generalize to target population
Convenience sampling - correct answer (most common)
Subject pool is the group accessible/available for research study
Quota sampling - correct answer 2 forms-- meeting a certain proportion arbitrary or real
Simple quota sampling - correct answer used when know little about target population;
ex. 50 female, 50 male
Proportionate quota sampling - correct answer used when the proportions of certain
characteristics in a target population are known
-- selected knowing characteristic or demographics are proportionately represented in
the sample
Simple random sampling - correct answer all individuals have an equal chance of being
selected and are selected using sampling with replacement
Stratified random sampling - correct answer population divided into subgroups or strata
and participants selected from each subgroup using simple random sampling, combined
into one overall sample
Systematic sampling - correct answer the first participant is selected using simple
random sampling and then every nth person is systematically selected until all
participants have been selected
Cluster sampling - correct answer subgroups or "clusters" of individuals are identified in
a population, and then a portion of clusters that are representative of the population are
selected such that all individuals in the selected clusters are included in the sample
, Difference between cluster and stratified random sampling - correct answer clusters not
selected are omitted from sample; people are selected from every subgroup in stratified
sampling
Sampling error - correct answer sometimes our sample doesn't accurately reflect the
population
Standard error of the mean - correct answer standard deviation of a sampling
distribution of sample means; distance that sample mean values can deviate from the
value of the population mean
How to reduce standard error? - correct answer increasing sample size
Sampling bias (selection bias) - correct answer the sampling procedures employed
favor certain individuals or groups over others
Non-response bias - correct answer a number of participants in one or more groups
choose not to respond to a survey or request to participate in a research study
What are the categories of research questions? - correct answer exploratory
Descriptive
Relational
Exploratory research question - correct answer "what if"
Get an idea of, explore area of research not well understood
Descriptive research question - correct answer "what is", "how"
Characterize, explain, describe variables
Relational research question - correct answer "does", "is"
Determine extent to which specified relationships exist between variables
Causal explanations
Categories of research design? - correct answer non-experimental
Experimental
Quasi-experimental
Non-experimental research design - correct answer used to describe individual
variables and predict the relationship between variables;
Make observations in which the behavior or event is observed "as is" or without
intervention from researcher
Experimental research design - correct answer used to determine the causes of the
behavior that help to explain why the behavior occurs;
Researcher fully controls the conditions and experiences of participants by applying
three required elements of control: randomization, manipulation, comparison/control
