AP Biology Semester 1 Review Latest Update Graded A+

AP Biology Semester 1 Review Latest Update Graded A+ 3 phases of transcription initiation, elongation, termination 3 steps of protein synthesis transcription, RNA processing, translation 5' cap The end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap A site One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. acid any substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of H+ ions; pH values of acids are from 1-7 Activation Energy The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. Active Site structure on the enzyme active transport energy is required to move a substance across a cell membrane adhesion attraction of water molecules to other molecules allele one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits ampR gene on plasmid; if bacterium has this plasmid, will be able to grow on agar with ampicillin. If does not have plasmid, will not grow on agar with amp. Anaphase the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles Anaphase I The third phase of meiosis I. the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Anaphase II The third phase of meiosis II. the sister chromatids are finally spearated at their centromeres and puled to opposite sides of teh cell. is identical to mitotic anaphase, excep the number of chromosmes was reduced by half during meiosis I. Anchorage Dependence the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface. Aneuploidy an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete)(causes down sydrome and turners syndrome) anticodon A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule. anticodon three adjacent nucleotides on tRNA which base pair with the codon of the mRNA during translation. antiparallel 5' to 3'; direction in which complement strand grows atoms small particles that make up all matter Autosomes non-sex chromosomes base any substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water; pH values from 7- 14 base-pair substitution A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides. binding site the outer folds of a receptor protein, where the signal binds biotechnology manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products carrier proteins a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane by changing shape Catalyst Speeds up a chemical reaction Cell Cycle series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide cell membrane regulates movement of materials in and out of cells, maintains cell shape and allows cells to communicate with each other Cell Plate A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. cell surface markers a membrane protein that identifies the cell type Cell theory idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells Cell Wall strong layer around the cell membrane