AP Bio Evolution Latest Update Already Graded A

AP Bio Evolution Latest Update Already Graded A adaptive radiation rapid speciation of a single or a few species to fill many ecological niches allopatric speciation when populations physically separated by an extrinsic barrier evolve so that if the barrier breaks down, they can't breed artificial selection the intentional breeding of certain characteristics over others balanced polymorphism natural selection maintaining polymorphisms in a population bottleneck effect an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing branching evolution when a species evolves separately from itself to form separate groups cohesion species concept defines a species as a group of organisms that can exchange genetically convergent evolution where unclosely related organisms evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments directional selection when natural selection favors a single allele and therefore, allele frequency continuously shifts in one direction diversifying (disruptive) selection a type of evolution that simultaneously favors at both extremes of the distribution ecological species concept defines a species as a set of organisms that are adapted to a particular set of resources evolution the change in a population's inherited traits from generation to generation evolutionary adaptations inherited traits further developed through evolution evolutionary species concept a species is a lineage evolving separately from others and with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies founder effect establishing a population by a small number of individuals, carrying only a small fraction of the original population's genetic variation gene flow the transfer of gene alleles from one population to another gradualism the slow, gradual steps of change Hardy-Weinberg equation p2+2pq+q2=1 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when alleles are in perfect Hardy-Weinberg proportion Hardy-Weinberg Theorum a relationship