AP Biology Exam (units 5-8) Latest Version Graded A+

AP Biology Exam (units 5-8) Latest Version Graded A+ 10% rule Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up. 3' vs 5' end of DNA strand replication goes 3'-5' - 3' (of original molecule) is leading strand - 5' is lagging strand adaptive immunity the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them altruism unselfish regard for the welfare of others Ammensalism relationship when one organism is harmed, the other is unaffected anaphase Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell b cells produce antibodies Barr bodies inactivated X chromosomes found only in females binary fission A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size binary fission steps 1. DNA Replication 2. Chromosome Segregation (when the replicated chromosomes move to different ends of cell) 3. Separation (new plasma membrane growth, cytoplasm divide, and new cell walls form around the new cells) cancer any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division 6 ket mutations: -unlimited cell growth -ignore checkpoints -escape apoptosis -immortality=unlimited divisions -promote blood vessel growth -overcome anchor and density dependence (2/12 notes) CELL CYCLE cell cycle check points control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell G1, S, G2, M cell cycle stages interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis chromosomes in eukaryotes multiple and