PLTW- Biomed End of Course Final Review Questions And Answers 2024 Updates

How quickly does the body lose heat after death? - Approximately 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per hour until it reaches surrounding environment temp Who did the fingerprint at the crime scene belong to? - Alex Garcia What is rigor mortis? - stiffening of the muscles after death What is lividity? - Pooling of the blood after death What is algor mortis? - Cooling of the body after death What causes your muscles to become stiff after death, or rigor mortis? - The loss of ATP which lasts for about 3 hours after death What are the 5 manner of death possibilities? - Homocide, suicide, natural, accident, or undetermined What does a crime scene sketch include? - Sketch, key, and scale What are antigens? - proteins found on the surface of red blood cells What are the 8 different blood types? - A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, OWhat is blood composed of? - liquid plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, antigens and antibodiesWhat protein is hair composed of? - Keratin What are the 4 main fingerprints? - arch, loop, whorl, tented arch What are minutiae? - Specific ridge marks in the fingertips What is an arch fingerprint? - What is a loop fingerprint? - What is a whorl fingerprint? - What is a tented arch fingerprint? - Do red blood cells have DNA? - NO What shape is DNA in? - a double helix How many bonds do adenine and thymine need? - 2 hydrogen bonds How many bonds do Guanine and cytosine need? - 3 hydrogen bonds Which was does DNA run - negative Which two nitrogen bases are purines - Adenine and Guanine Which two nitrogen bases are pyrimidines - Thymine and CytosineApproximately how many nucleotides are in a strand of DNA? - over 3 billion How is DNA packaged? - DNA is packaged as chromosomes, that contain numerous segments of DNA called genes Why is HIPPA important? - it keeps our medical information safe and confidential When should HIPPA be broken? - if it could harm the public, epidemic, child abuse, or emergency What is acetylsalicylic acid used to treat? - Prescribed to prevent high cholesterol and diabetes What does HIPPA stand for? - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act What kind of diabetes did Anna have? - Type 1 diabetes What does type 1 diabetes mean? - The pancreas of a person with type 1 diabetes will no longer produce insulin What does type 2 diabetes mean? - A person with type 2 diabetes will have damaged insulin receptor sites so they are not getting the insulin they need What would a glucose and insulin chart of a person with type 1 diabetes look like? - What is benedicts solution used for? - Used to test for sugar/glucose, normally light blue, when heated with presence of sugars it turns green, yellow, orange or red What is lugols iodine used for? - indicates starch (carbohydrates), normally yellow or light brown, in the presence of starch it turns dark purple or blackWhat is biurets solution used for? - indicates protein, normally light blue, changes to violet/purple in presence of protein What does Chargaff's rule state? - That adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine What is sickle cell disease? - Individuals who are homozygous for the gene controlling hemoglobin S. The disease is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells and by episodic blocking of blood vessels because of the shape of the blood cells. How any nucleotides code for 1 amino acid? - 3 What is a protein? - A chain of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds What is the general structure of an amino acid? - How does DNA replicate? - the Helicase enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds so the DNA unzips and forms a copy What are the steps in making a protein? - 1. DNA in nucleus is unzipped by enzyme of helicase(protein) 2. Transcription: messenger RNA copies instructions from DNA and carries the code to the ribosome in the cytoplasm *code is carried in groups of 3 amino acids called a codon 3. Translation: TRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome 4. Synthesis: proteins are put together by ribosomal RNA What is the overall charge of DNA? - negative How does DNA always start? - Always start with AUG or MetWhat is a genetic mutation? - an inheritable change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA that ultimately serves as a source of genetic diversity What are some causes of a genetic mutation? - -DNA fails to copy accurately -external influences (chemicals, radiation) *most mutations are naturally occurring What is sickle cell disease caused by? - A point mutation on chromosome 11 The outside backbone of the DNA molecule is made of alternating molecules of what? - phosphate and sugar When isolating DNA, what was the purpose of the detergent component of the lysis buffer solution? - to break the nuclear and cell membranes What does the alcohol do when you are isolating DNA? - It precipitates the DNA out of the solution What act as molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific locations? - Restriction enzymes