GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
Population
Natural increase as a component of pop change
Birth rate: no. of live births per 1000 per year
Death rate: no. of deaths per 100 per year
Natural increase: change in pop size caused by diff between BR and DR. if BR >
DR, pop grows. If DR > BR, pop declines.
Net migration: balance between immigration and emigration. if immigration >
emigration, pop grows, if emigration > immigration, pop declines
Pop change: annual pop change of an area, is the cumulative change in the size of
its pop after both. natural change and migration have been accounted. = (BR - DR)
+/- migration
fertility rate: average no of children each woman will have in her life. if 2.1, pop
replaces itself (replacement level). If > 2.1, pop grows. if < 2.1, pop declines. no of
live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 in 1 year.
infant mortality rate: no of under 1-year olds who die, per 1000 live births per year
life expectancy: av number of years a person is expected to live. different for men
and women.
pop density: no of people in a given area, measured as no of people per km2
pop distribution: shown on a map and uses variations in pop density to show how
people are spread out across an area
Measurements
collect data about pop by regular census where every housed is counted and
questioned.
use info to plan for allocation of resources to services.
useful to NGO’s.
Factors affecting fertility levels
death rate: BR high in LICs to compensate high mortality rate and have someone to
look after mother in old age. healthcare, sanitation and diet improvements reduce
child deaths so reduce need for many children as future is secure.
Tradition: cultural expectation of large families and tradition overrides desire to
stop childbearing. Another tradition is marrying early and have children straight
away.
Education: increasing female literacy lowers fertility. knowledge of birth control,
more opportunity for employment and more choice of lifestyle.
Age structure of pop: Mali; 48% of pop is under 16, high no of future births even if
fertility levels drop, as young people still have to find a partner, settle down and
have a family. japan; 14% is under 16 so low no of future births as few women
moving into childbearing age group
Religion: Islam and roman catholic oppose contraceptive use. Richer people pay
less attention to this but still faithful.
Economic factors: children are economic assets in LICs as work on land/factory and
provide an income for family and support parents in old age. no compulsory
Population
Natural increase as a component of pop change
Birth rate: no. of live births per 1000 per year
Death rate: no. of deaths per 100 per year
Natural increase: change in pop size caused by diff between BR and DR. if BR >
DR, pop grows. If DR > BR, pop declines.
Net migration: balance between immigration and emigration. if immigration >
emigration, pop grows, if emigration > immigration, pop declines
Pop change: annual pop change of an area, is the cumulative change in the size of
its pop after both. natural change and migration have been accounted. = (BR - DR)
+/- migration
fertility rate: average no of children each woman will have in her life. if 2.1, pop
replaces itself (replacement level). If > 2.1, pop grows. if < 2.1, pop declines. no of
live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 in 1 year.
infant mortality rate: no of under 1-year olds who die, per 1000 live births per year
life expectancy: av number of years a person is expected to live. different for men
and women.
pop density: no of people in a given area, measured as no of people per km2
pop distribution: shown on a map and uses variations in pop density to show how
people are spread out across an area
Measurements
collect data about pop by regular census where every housed is counted and
questioned.
use info to plan for allocation of resources to services.
useful to NGO’s.
Factors affecting fertility levels
death rate: BR high in LICs to compensate high mortality rate and have someone to
look after mother in old age. healthcare, sanitation and diet improvements reduce
child deaths so reduce need for many children as future is secure.
Tradition: cultural expectation of large families and tradition overrides desire to
stop childbearing. Another tradition is marrying early and have children straight
away.
Education: increasing female literacy lowers fertility. knowledge of birth control,
more opportunity for employment and more choice of lifestyle.
Age structure of pop: Mali; 48% of pop is under 16, high no of future births even if
fertility levels drop, as young people still have to find a partner, settle down and
have a family. japan; 14% is under 16 so low no of future births as few women
moving into childbearing age group
Religion: Islam and roman catholic oppose contraceptive use. Richer people pay
less attention to this but still faithful.
Economic factors: children are economic assets in LICs as work on land/factory and
provide an income for family and support parents in old age. no compulsory
