WGU D115 patho Unit 6 gastrointestinal system exam questions and answers

hases of swallowing oropharyngeal (voluntary)-oral prep, epiglotis closes, movement of tongue and pharyngeal constrictors propel food into esophagus esophageal (involuntary)-bolus transported ny esophagus to stomach by peristalsis, esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food into stomach Pathway of digestion mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus Process of digestion 1-Mouth creates a bolus 2-swallowing propels bolus through esophagus into stomach 3-stomach creates chyme by adding digestive juices to the bolus, and propels the chyme into the small intestine 4-in small intestine absorption occurs through villi which secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs all major nutrients, peristalsis moves chyme through and into large intestine 5-absorption and epithelial transport occur in the beginning of the colon as fecal mass passes through, once it reaches the sigmoid colon it is entirely waste and passes through the rectum Nutrients absorbs in stomach Alcohol (20%) Nutrients absorbed in duodenum Calcium, magnesium, iron, some carbs Nutrients absorbed in jejunum Carbs, fat soluble vitamins, water soluble vitamins, amino acids, alcohol (80%), fats, sodium, potassium, water (90%) Nutrients absorbed in ileum Vitamin B12, bile Nutrients absorbed in colon Sodium, potassium, water (9%), acids and bases Intestinal microbiome Numbers of bacteria increase from proximal to distal GI tract -Highest in colon Multiple factors affect normal composition of bacterial flora -Genetics, diet, environmental, drugs -Alert immune system to protect against infection, assist in metabolism of various compounds, and produce other compounds needed by body Lipase Produced by pancreas and beaks down triglycerides Amylase Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches Pepsin Produced by stomach and breaks down proteins anorexia loss of appetite despite physiologic stimuli that would normally produce hunger vomiting expelling matter from the stomach and intestines through the mouth constipation Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber in the diet diarrhea frequent passage of loose, watery stools more then 3 x per day visceral pain a poorly localized, dull, or diffuse pain that arises from the abdominal organs, or viscera, usually epigastric, mid abdomen, or lower abdomen Parietal pain (somatic pain) localized, intense, sharp, constant pain associated with irritation of the peritoneum referred pain pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates, visceral pain hematemesis blood in vomit hematochezia blood in stool melena Black tarry stool dysphagia condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful Achalasia Denervation of smooth muscle in esophagus and failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax Patho of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) Abnormalities in lower esophageal sphincter function, esophageal motility or emptying hiatal hernia a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm intestinal obstruction mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the intestine cannot move forward through the intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel Complications of intestinal obstruction Distention, vomiting, electrolyte, dehydration, pain, Strangulation, ischemia, perforation, shock, peritonitis H. pylori -gram negative, spiral, found in gastric antrum, orally transmitted corkscrews through the gastric mucus layer ** H. Pylori = inflammation/epithelial cell