SCI 228 week 2 LAB Assignment

monosaccharide - ANS basic unit of a carbohydrate made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms hexose - ANS 6 carbon sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose) without - ANS monosaccharides can be absorbed in the body ______ any digestion disaccharide - ANS A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. maltose, sucrose, lactose must be digested - ANS disacchrides _____ and turned into monosaccharides before they can be used by the body oligomer - ANS Short chain of monomers that is not long enough to be considered a polymer. polymer - ANS A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. linear or branched - ANS polysaccharides can be either _____ or ______ 1-3% - ANS carbohydrates are _____ of our body mass cellulose - ANS polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls humans have a hard time breaking cellulose down so it is primarily fiber glycolysis - ANS first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid this happens in the cytoplasm of a cell metabolic water - ANS water generated in the tissues during the chemical breakdown of the energy-yielding nutrients in foods approx 200 mL DRI for carbohydrates - ANS 130 g/day for adults between 19 and 30 AMDR for carbohydrates - ANS 45-65% simple carbohydrates - ANS monosaccharides and disaccharides polysaccharides - ANS consist of many units of monosaccharides joined together starch and fiber glycogen stored in the liver and muscles energy - ANS the only real nutrient function of carbohydrates carbohydrates most efficient form protein sparing effect - ANS if enough carbohydrate is provided to meet the energy needs of the body, protein can be spared or saved to use for specific protein functions ketones - ANS intermediate products of fat metabolism keto-acidosis - ANS affects the pH balance of the body, which can be lethal if uncontrolled brush-border cells - ANS enzymes specific for disaccharides are secreted by the small intestine's _________, which then hydrolyze disaccarides into monosaccharides portal blood circulatory system - ANS transports glucose, fructose, and galactose to the liver glucose - ANS the liver removes fructose and galactose and converts them to _________ blood sugar the form of carbohydrate most easily used by the body 150 g - ANS the amount of glycogen held in the muscles 90 g - ANS the amount of glycogen held in the liver glycogen - ANS carbohydrate energy stored in the liver and in muscles glycogenesis - ANS process of converting glucose to glycogen 70 and 100 mg/dL - ANS primary aspect of carbohydrate metabolism is the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis between _______ glycogenolysis - ANS breakdown of glycogen to glucose gluconeogenesis - ANS the process of producing glucose from fat not as efficient as using carbohydrate directly for glucose glucogenic - ANS producing glucose ketone bodies - ANS Breakdown products from fat catabolism in cells; also called acetones insulin - ANS hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans, lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen through glycogenesis or to fat stored in adipose tissue also eases the absorption of glucose into the cells so the use of glucose as energy is increased glucagon - ANS stimulates conversion of liver glycogen to glucose, assisting the regulation of glucose levels during the night somatostatin - ANS secreted from the hypothalamus and pancreas, inhibits the functions of insulin and glucagon epinephrine - ANS enhances the fast conversion of liver glycogen to glucose steroid hormones - ANS functions against insulin and promote glucose formation from protein insulin inhibitors - ANS produced by the pituitary gland, growth hormone and ACTH function as _________ Glycemic index - ANS the ranking of foods according to the level to which a food raises blood glucose levels compared with a reference food such as a 50-g glucose load glycemic load - ANS the amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the glycemic index of the carbohydrate type 2 diabetes mellitus - ANS a form of diabetes mellitus in which the pancreas produces some insulin that is defective and unable to serve the complete needs of the body fructose - ANS the sweetest of the sugars provides the characteristic taste of fruits and honey galactose - ANS rarely found in nature by itself but is part of the disaccharide lactose, the sugar found in milk sucrose - ANS is formed from the pairing of units of glucose and fructose table sugar maltose - ANS created when two units of glucose are linked available when cereal grains are about to germinate and the plant starch is broken down into ______ glucose and glucose 100g - ANS we must use about _____ of carbohydrates as glucose for brain function lactose - ANS composed of glucose and galactose three concerns about sugar - ANS sources in the food supply consumption levels health effects sugar alcohols - ANS also called sugar replacers avoid confusion with noncarbohydrate alcohol, are nutritive sweeteners because they provide 2 to 3 kcal/g but fewer than 4 kcal/g advantages of sugar alcohols - ANS have several advantages when used to replace sugar less cariogenic than sucrose longer absorption time leads to a slower rise in blood sugar or reduced glycemic response good for diabetics disadvantage of sugar alcohols - ANS if large quantities are consumed, they may ferment in the intestinal tract because of their slower absorption rate may cause gas and diarrhea aspartame - ANS formed by the bonding of the amino acid phenylalanine and aspartic acid digested and absorbed as two separate amino acids NutraSweet and Equal phenylketonuria (PKU) - ANS a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing sucralose - ANS a nonnutritive sweetener, suitable for cooking, that provides no energy Splenda saccharin - ANS in animals excessive consumption and the development of bladder cancer restrictions include that beverages may contain no more than 12 mg/oz or less than 30 mg per food serving Sweet N Low Acesulfame K - ANS synthetically produced, 200 time sweeter than sucrose, not digestible by the human body Sunnette complex carbohydrates - ANS starches found in grains, potatoes, and vegetables fiber starch - ANS storage form of plant carbohydrate Beta carotene - ANS a substance the body can convert into vitamin A, may have a protective effect against some forms of cancer dietary fiber - ANS consists of substances in plant foods, including carbohydrates and lignin, that for the most part cannot be digested by humans microflora - ANS although human digestive juices cannot diges fiber, ___________________ that normally reside in the colon use fiber as a medium for microbial fermentation, resulting in the synthesis of vitamins and the formation of short-chain fatty acids vitamins synthesized by colonic bacteria - ANS vitamin K, biotin, B12, folate, and thiamin only vitamin K and biotin can be absorbed in sufficient amount from the colon to be significant short chain fatty acids - ANS can be absorbed and used for energy by the mucosa of the colon, thereby maintaining the health of the colon epithelial cells increase fecal matter bulk soluble dietary fiber - ANS dissolve in fluids, include pectin, mucilage, psyllium seed