BRPT study Material Questions and Answers with complete solution

Benzodiazepines - Any group of chemically similar psychotropic drugs with potent hypnotic and sedative action Example : Flurazepam, Triazolam, Temazepam, alprazolam, Quazepam, Estanzolam, clonazepam,Diazepam Benzodiazepines. Indications - Sleep onset and sleep maintenance insomnia Benzodiazepines. Effects on sleep - Increase: TST, Sleep efficiency, stages 1&2, High frequency EEG activity in background : especially spindles REM latency Benzodiazepines. Effect on sleep - Decrease: Sleep latency, SWS, Arousals and WASO, general body movement and rem at higher dosages Non-bezodiazepines - Ambien zolpidem. Sonata zalepon Anti-depressants - REM suppression Tricycline antidepressants TCAs - Example :Amtitriptyline, Doxepin, protriptyline desipramine imipramine tricyclic antidepressants - Effect on sleep Increase PLMs. TST. Sleep efficient. REM Latency Decrease REM. Sleep LatencySSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) - Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Mode election fast eyes Alpha intrusion Expect muscle twitching on SSRIs MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) - Strongest REM suppressant in the world Benzodiazepines - Suppress SWS with no consistent effect on REM sleep Anti-depressants - Suppress REM w/tricyclics causing marked increase in PLMs Alcohol - Acute Presleep alcohol tends to suppress REM early in the night which is often followed by REM rebound in the latter portion for the night as the alcohol is metabolized Withdrawal - From drugs that selectively suppress any stage of sleep tend to be associated with a rebound of that stage atmospheric pressure - 760mm Hg ( Torr) Inspirsatory Reserve Volume - IRV The excess inhaled air that can be taken in during a very deep breath. This amount average 3100 ml for a total of 3600 ml tidal volume - The amount of air approx 500-600 ml exchanged during a normal inspiration / expiration Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - Is the amount of extra air we can push out if exhaling forcibly after a normal breath this after the expiratory reserve volume is expelled residual volume - The amount approx 1200ml of air still remaining in the lungs and non collapsible air passageways after the expiratory reserve volume is expelled Minute Volume (MV) - Total air taken in during (1) minutes (Tidal volume Vt x BPMgain - Is the measure of the ability to change the magnitude of the input voltage Sensitivity - Is the amount of output pen deflection to a given input voltage