Biology Major Field Test Questions and Answers 2024/2025

Biology Major Field Test Questions and Answers 2024/2025 Adaptive vs. Innate Immune Response Adaptive - "specific response" Has immunological memory Later response (3 -7 days) Uses B and T cells Effectiveness increases with exposure Innate - "nonspecific response" 1st line of defense Response within 12 hours Lacks immunological memory Mutualism Benefit to both partners Normally partners cannot live seperately Cooperation A beneficial but not obligate form of symbiosis Commensalism One partner benefits, th e other is neither helped or harmed Ammensalism The negative impact of one organism on another due to release of specific compounds If a pathogen can be transmitted via direct contact it is ______ virulent compare to another pathogen that is vector -borne. Less virulent Toxin Specific substance that alters the normal metabolism of the host cell Autotrophs Carbon source from atmospheric CO2 Heterotrophs Carbon source from organic compounds Phototrophs Energy source is light Chemotrophs Energy source is from o xidation of chemical compounds Lithotrophs Electron source from reduction of inorganic substances Organotrophs Electron source from organic compounds Passive diffusion Movement of small molecules across a cellular membrane to go from high concentration to low with the potential graduation - no energy required Facilitated diffusion Use of a carrier protein to assist the transportation of molecules across the cellular membrane Pure culture Assumption that all the cells grown on the plate have arose from one s ingle ancestor cell Defined Media Media in which all components of the mix are known Complex Media Media in which all components are not known Selective Media Media favors growth of specific microorganisms Differentiated Media Media can will visually disti nguish between groups of bacteria based on biological characterisitics Binary Fission Reproductive strategy of most haploid bacteria/archaeal cells to create identical cells 1) cell elongates 2) replicates their chromosome 3)divides down middle with one c hromosome in each new half Bacterial Growth Stage 1: Lag Phase Time after the new introduction of bacteria on a new medium with no growth Bacterial Growth Stage 2: Exponential Phase Microbes are now growing at a constant rate at maximum dividing rates Bact erial Growth Stage 3: Stationary Phase Population growth ceases and the growth curve levels off Bacterial Growth Stage 4: Death Phase Decrease in viable microorganisms due to depletion of sources (media, oxygen, food) Acidophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 0.0 -5.5 Fungi & Algae Neutrophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 5.5 - 8.0 Most bacteria Alkalophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between 8.5 -11.5 Buffers Prevent drastic pH changes Normally a phosphate Psychophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at low temperatures (0 -20C) Mesophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 15 -45C Thermophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 45-80C Hyperthermophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 80 -113C Aerobes Organisms that are capable of living in the presence of O2 Anaerobes Organisms that are capable of living in the absence of O2 Obligate Aerobes Organisms that can only grow in the presence of O2 Obligate Anaerobes Organisms that can only grow in the absence of O2 Facultative Anaerobes Organisms that do not require the presence of O2 to grow but grow best in its presence Aero -tolerant Organisms that are indifferent to the levels of O2 Biofilms Communities of microorganisms that cling together to a surface to provide community protection against drugs and antibiotics Quorum Sensing Method of density -dependent bacterial cell communication Fungi Cha racteristics Spore -bearing Eukaryotic Lack chlorophyll Reproduce a/sexually Primarily terrestrial - yeasts, molds, mushrooms Fungi - Thallus Body/vegetative structure Fungi - Hyphae A long, branched, thread -like filament of cells needed growth due to incre ased turgor pressure against hyphae cell membranes Spore Reproductive structure adapted for dispersal and survival in unfavorable conditions Mycorrhizal symbionts Form mutualistic relationships with the root systems of plants by providing access to phospho rus Protist Characteristics -Eukaryotic -Lack unified tissue organization -Single celled -A/Sexual reproductive phases -Cytoplasm -Vacuoloes -Mitochondria( -like) structure -Cilia/Flagella Protozoa Chemoheterotrophic protists Algae Photoautotrophic protists Bacteria shape: cocci spherically shaped Bacteria shape: bacilli rod-shaped Bacteria shaped: spirochetes/spirilla Spiral shaped Bacteria Cell Organization