MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS GRADED TO PASS!!

MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS GRADED TO PASS!! Benign cells Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time Benign Cell Features o Harmless o Do not usually require intervention o Slow growing o Tight Adherence o Specific morphology o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio o Specific differentiated functions o Tight adherence o Orderly growth o No migration o Normal chromosomes Benign cell looks similar to a healthy cell Examples of Benign cells o Skin Tag o Mole o Nasal Polyp o Uterine Fibroids o Endometriosis Malignant cells indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death Malignant cell features o Large nucleus o Migration o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition) o Loose adherence o Rapid or continuous cell division o Loss of cellular regulation o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23) Seven warning signs of cancer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns o A-A sore that doesn't heal o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing o O-Obvious change in wart or mole o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness Cancer development stages of malignancy o Initiation o Promotion o Progression o Metastasis Initiation (Stage of malignancy) Normal cells are damaged and irreversible Promotion Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells Progression Increase in production of malignant cells Metastasis Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis cancer development Cancer classification o Grading o Ploidy o Staging o TNM o Doubling time and mitotic index Grading Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells o Ex. 1= No mutation o 4= Severe mutation Ploidy Number of chromosomes Staging How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread TNM o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd) o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis) Doubling time and mitotic index Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows) o Stage 1=Localized o Stage 4= Spread across the body Cancer prevention primary o Sunscreen o Avoid smoking o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole) o Chemoprevention o Vaccine (HPV) Cancer prevention secondary o Mammogram o Pap smear o Prostate test Cancer prevention tertiary People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below) o Chemo o Radiation o Surgery, etc. Types of cancers carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma Carcinoma malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues Sarcoma malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues Melanoma pigment producing skin cancer Lymphoma malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue Leukemia white blood cell tumor Blastoma malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue Lab Diagnostic Tests o CBC o Blood protein testing o Tumor marker test o Circulation tumor cell tests Imaging Diagnostic Tests o CT Scans o MRI o X-ray o Ultrasound o Mammogram o Nuclear medicine scans Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests o Bronchoscopy o Colonoscopy o Cystoscopy o Laparoscopy o Laryngoscopy o Mediastinoscopy o Thoracoscopy o Upper Endoscopy Biopsy Diagnostic Tests o Breast biopsy o Bone marrow biopsy o Organ/tissue specific Risk factors o Older age. o A personal or family history of cancer. o Using tobacco. o Obesity. o Alcohol. o Some types of viral infections(HPV) o Specific chemicals. o Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun. o Alcohol Types of therapy surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immune therapy, photodynamic therapy hormonal therapy Surgery cells can escape during surgery sometimes, causing clients to have to deal with an altered appearance Radiation Destroy cancer cells with minimal damaging effects of surrounding normal cells; maintain safe environment Chemotherapy Treatment of cancer with chemical agents. Used to cure and increase survival time. Adjuvant therapy = Chemotherapy + surgery or radiation. Cytotoxic effects exerted on healthy cells and cancer cells Immunotherapy (biological response modifiers and targeted therapy) -Modify patient's biologic responses to tumor cells. Can have direct antitumor activity. - Can interfere with cancer cell differentiation, transformation, metastasis. -Can improve immune function Monoclonal antibodies(immunotherapy) Bind to target antigens (often specific cell surface membrane proteins) Prevents protein from functioning, - prevents cell division. E.g- Rituximab (Rituxan) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors(immunotherapy) Inhibits activation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors- disrupt growth and cellular regulation of some types of cancer cells Epidermal Growth Factor/ Receptor Inhibitors(immunotherapy) Block epidermal growth factor from binding to cell surface receptor; prevents cancer cell division Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Receptor Inhibitors(immunotherapy) prevents binding of VEGF with its receptors on surfaces of endothelial cells present in blood vessels. Prevents formation of new blood vessels within the tumor Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs)(immunotherapy) Inhibit activity of specific kinases in cancer cells and tumor blood vessels Proteasome Inhibitor(immunotherapy) Prevents formation of a large complex of proteins into cells; impair tumors cellular regulation ability Angiogenesis inhibitors(immunotherapy) Targets mammalian target of rapamycin; reduces concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor, disrupts cell division. Photodynamic therapy Selective destruction of cancer cells via chemical reaction triggered by types of light Hormonal therapy Changing usual hormone responses. Some hormones make hormone sensitive tumors grow more rapidly (Decreasing the hormone amounts to hormone sensitive tumors can slow cancer growth rate). Steroids, steroid analogues, enzyme inhibitors Surgical classification types prophylaxis, diagnosis, cure, control, palliation,assessing therapy effectiveness and reconstruction Prophylaxis(Surgical classification type) remove cancerous tissue to prevent cancer development Diagnosis(Surgical classification type) removal for testing or examination to rule out cancer "biopsy" Cure(Surgical classification type) removes all cancerous tissue Control(Surgical classification type) removes part of tumor when removal of entire tumor is impossible Palliation surgery to provide symptom relief, is NOT curative Assessing therapy effectiveness (Surgical classification type) Reconstruction(Surgical classification type) increases function or appearance or both. S/E of Surgery removal can lead to changes in appearance, activity level, depression, grief, and decreased enjoyment of life S/E of Radiation Acute and long-term site-specific changes, vary according to site, Local skin changes and hair loss, altered taste sensations, Fatigue, Bone marrow suppression. S/E of Chemotherapy extravasation, infection risk, bone marrow suppression, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, clotting risks, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, mucositis, alopecia,