Samenvatting Pathophysiology of Heart and Circulatory System

Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter? (Points : 0.5) Histamine Nitric oxide Angiotensin II Epinephrine - Correct Answer D. Epinephrine Nicotine stimulates the release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), which increases the HR and causes peripheral vascular constriction. As a result, blood pressure increases as do both cardiac workload and oxygen demand. The pulsus paradoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism? a) diastolic filling pressures of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles b) blood ejected from the right atrium and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle c) blood ejected from the left atrium and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle d) diastolic filling pressures of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers - Correct Answer D. diastolic filling pressures of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers Pulsus paradoxes means that the arterial blood pressure during expiration exceeds arterial pressure during inspiration by more than 10mm Hg. This clinical finding reflects impairment of diastolic filling of the left ventricle plus a reduction of blood volume within all four cardiac chambers. Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured? - Correct Answer Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) Interferon-gamma (IFN-g) interleukin 1 (IL-1) numerous inflammatory cytokines are released (TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-1, Toxic oxygen radicals and heat shock proteins) Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? - Correct Answer 4th and 7th weeks cardiogenesis begins at 3 weeks gestation, however, most cardiovascular development occurs between 4 and 7 At birth, which statement is true? Systemic resistance and pulmonary resistance fall. Gas exchange shifts from the placenta to the lungs. Systemic resistance falls, and pulmonary resistance rises. Systemic resistance and pulmonary resistance rise. - Correct Answer b. There is a shift in gas exchange from the placenta to the lung. Which change in a vein supports the development of varicose veins? (Points : 0.5) Increase in osmotic pressure Damage to the valves in veins