Biology 255 Exam 3 Study Guide (Human Anatomy) Questions And Answers (Verified And Updated)

Biology 255 Exam 3 Study Guide (Human Anatomy) Questions And Answers (Verified And Updated) Central nervous system structures - answerBrain and spinal cord Nervous system general functions - answerCollect information, process and evaluate information, and initiate response to information Peripheral nervous system structures - answerCranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia Sensory (afferent) nervous system - answerDetects stimuli (receives sensory input/information from receptors) and transmits information from receptors to the CNS Somatic sensory - answerTransmits input from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscle; general somatic senses: touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception, and special senses (taste, vision, hearing, balance, and smell) Visceral sensory - answerTransmits input from blood vessels and viscera Motor (efferent) nervous system - answerSignals move away from the CNS to the effector organs, glands, etc. Output Somatic motor - answerAka voluntary nervous system; transmit voluntary output to skeletal muscle Autonomic motor - answerAka visceral motor system or the involuntary nervous system; transmit involuntary output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (has parasympathetic and sypmathetic subdivisions) Dendrite - answerShort processes that branch from cell body of a neuron Cell body - answerSummation of signal from dendrites; contains typical organelles (largest part of a typical neuron) Axon (nerve fiber) - answerSingle, long extension that carries impulses away from the cell body -Typically have a single axon -Axon transmits nerve impulses away from cell body and to other cells Axon hillock - answerRegion where body is connected to axon Axon terminal/synaptic end bulb (synaptic bulbs, axon terminals) - answerExpanded regions at tips of telodendria that secrete neurotransmitter Multipolar - answerMany dendrites and one axon; most common Bipolar - answerTwo processes, one dendrite, and one axon (most rare - in the eye and olfactory) Unipolar - answerSingle, short process that branches like a T Sensory (afferent) neuron - answerTransmit impulses from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin) to the CNS Motor (efferent) neuron - answerTransmit impulses from CNS to muscles of glands Interneuron (association) - answerFacilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons; only within CNS Astrocyte - answerMost abundant glial cells in CNS Wrap around the capillary Functions: 1. Keep anything from leaking 2. Maintain blood-brain barrier via regulation of blood flow 3. Regulate tissue fluid composition (control ion flow, pH) 4. Form a structural network 5. Assist neuronal development (can secrete their own neurons) 6. Help regulate synapses 7. CNS damage - formation of glial scar Oligodendrocyte - answerWrap around CNS axons like electrical tape wrapped around a wire (it's made of their plasma membrane) Function: 1. Produce myelin, which is an insulator of electrical activity -speeds up neural transmission Microglia - answerCNS stem cells that are motile (modified white blood cells)(move around through the brain tissue) Function: 1. Wander through CNS and phagocyte cellular debris from dead or dying tissue