ZOOL 2403 Practical #1 fully solved & updated.

Frontal Bone - answer-- bone that forms the forehead - superior to the eyes - most anterior bone on the skull supraorbital notch - answer-- notch in the ridge of the eye socket Parietal Bone - answer-- the most superior portion of the skull - found on either side of the skull Occipital Bone - answer-- the most dorsal and inferior portion of the skull - back of head Foramen Magnum - answer-- large hole located in the inferior portion of the skull - where spinal chord articulates with the brain Jugular Formen - answer-- holes located laterally from the foramen magnum - jelly bean-shaped Hypoglossal Foraman - answer-- small holes directly lateral to foramen magnum - located between the jugular foramen and the foramen magnum Occipital Condyle - answer-- located at the base of the skull - oval-shaped, smooth projections located on either side of the foramen magnum - 1st cervical vertebrae articulate with skull Temporal Bone - answer-- most lateral bones on either side of the skull - located near the region of the ear External Auditory Canal - answer-- holes on the most lateral part of the skull - "ear holes" Internal Auditory Canal - answer-- found inside of the skull - lateral, just superior to that of the jugular foramen Styloid Process of the Temporal Bone - answer-- long, thin projection on the lateral and inferior of the skull - located on the temporal region Mastoid Process - answer-- smooth projections inferior to the external auditory canal - located in the temporal bone - attachment site for certain neck muscles Stylomastoid Foramen - answer-- the lateral inferior side of the skull - located between the styloid process of the temporal bone and the mastoid process of the temporal bone Sphenoid Bone - answer-- a bat-shaped structure located in the medial portion of the skull - anterior of the occipital bone and posterior of the ethmoid bone Sella Turcica - answer-- "turkish saddle" - saddle-shaped structure in medial portion of sphenoid bone - protects the pituitary gland Optic Foramen - answer-- located above the sella turcica on either side - creates a pathway for optic nerves Superior Orbital fissure - answer-- a cleft in between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone - can be seen through the eye sockets Lesser Wing - answer-- The triangular bone located laterally from the optic canals - It is located in the sphenoid bone - It is the most superior portion of the sphenoid bone Greater Wing - answer-- larger wing-shaped bone - in the more inferior part of the sphenoid bone - either side of the Sella Turcica Foramen Rotundum - answer-- circular-shaped hole - inferior to the superior orbital fissure in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone Foramen Ovale - answer-- oval-shaped hole - inferior to the foramen rotundum in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone Ethmoid Bone - answer-- located between the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone crista galli - answer-- "rooster's crest" - the medial thin ridge in the ethmoid bone cribiform plate - answer-- region on either side of the crista galli in the ethmoid bone Nasal Bone - answer-- 2 small oblong bones - either side at the middle and upper part of the face that forms the "bridge" of the nose inferior nasal conchae - answer-- ridges on the inside of the nose - extend horizontally on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity - most inferior ridge Lacrimal Bones - answer-- located in the medial wall of the eye socket - the smallest bone on the face - tear duct found at the most inferior portion zygomatic bone - answer-- "cheekbone" - 4 borders located in the upper and lateral parts of the face - lateral to the maxilla (upper jaw bone) Zygomatic Arch (skull structure) - answer-- process/extension of the meeting place of the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone - on the practical; the arrow will sit on the suture Maxilla - answer-- consists of the upper plate of the mouth - forms the upper jaw, holding upper teeth in place Infraorbital Foramen - answer-- hole in the maxillary bone - inferior to the eye socket Palatine Bone - answer-- paired bones - situated at the posterior part of the nasal cavity between maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid - "roof of the mouth" the back portion Mandible - answer-- forms lower jaw bone - holds lower teeth in place - inferior to maxilla Body of Mandible - answer-- the portion of the mandible that holds lower teeth in place - "chin" Mental Foramen - answer-- holes in the body of the mandible - permits passage of mental nerve and vessels Angle - answer-- located at the posterior border at the junction of the lower border of the Ramus of the mandible Ramus - answer-- the perpendicular portion of the mandible - quadrilateral shape - consists of 2 surfaces, 4 borders, and 2 processes coronoid process of the mandible - answer-- thin, triangular eminence - flattened from side to side - on the ramus - "fangs" Condyle of the Mandible - answer-- thicker, smooth-rounded prominence at the end of the mandible - most posterior process on the mandible - articulates with the rest of the skull Body of the Vertebrae - answer-- disk-shaped - usually largest part with flat surfaces directed superiorly and inferiorly - forms anterior wall of the vertebral foramen - intervertebral disks are located between the bodies Pedicle - answer-- foot of the arch with one on each side - forms the lateral walls of the vertebral foramen - on the practical: pipe cleaner tied around it Lamina - answer-- posterior part of the arch - forms bridge between the transverse process and the spinous process Transverse Process - answer-- process projecting laterally from the junction of lamina and pedicle - site of muscle attachment Spinous Process - answer-- process projecting posteriorly at the point where 2 laminae join - site of muscle attachment - strengthens the vertebral column and allows for movement - part of the spine you can feel running down your back Vertebral Foramen - answer-- hole in each vertebra through which the spinal cord passes cervical vertebrae - answer-- 7 of them - the first segment of the spinal cord - don't have as big of a body as the thoracic or lumbar region - do NOT have pronounced spinous processes - ONLY vertebra with transverse foramen located on each transverse process on each cervical vertebra Transverse Foramen - answer-- ALL 7 cervical vertebra have this - allows vertebral arteries to extend toward the head Atlas (C1) - answer-- 1st cervical vertebra - has NO body - large superior facets to allow articulation with the occipital condyles @ base of the head - allows the head to move up and down, and tilt side to side - does NOT have a spinous process - the atlas/C1 holds up your "globe" Axis (C2) - answer-- 2nd vertebrae in the spinal column - distinct projection; dens - C2 allows the head to rotate to the left and right Dens - answer-- projection from C2 - articulate with the atlas - axis rotates to produce "no" motion of the head - make the C2 body look like a body builder Thoracic Vertebra - answer-- the second region of the spinal column - 12 thoracic vertebrae - each has an attachment site for ribs - long, thin spinous processes; make the vertebrae look like a giraffe - the vertebral foramen is circular shaped Lumbar Vertebra - answer-- 3rd region of the spinal column - 5 lumbar vertebrae - have thick bodies and heavy rectangular transverse and spinous processes; give them a moose appearance - lumbar region has more stability but less rotation; crucial for weight-bearing - the vertebral foramen is more triangular Sacral Vertebrae (sacrum) - answer-- 5 sacral vertebra are fused together into a single bone; sacrum - connect the spinal column to the pelvis coccyx - answer-- consists of 3-5 fused vertebrae - "tail bone" Manubrium - answer-- 1st segment of the sternum - inferior to the jugular notch, but superior to the body - "knot of the tie" - articulates with right and left clavicles and first 2 ribs Jugular Notch - answer-- most superior structure of the sternum - located between the ends of the clavicles where they articulate with the manubrium - easily found at the base of the neck Sternal Angle - answer-- a slight ridge in between the manubrium and the body of the sternum - located on the sternum where rib #2 attaches body of the sternum - answer-- middle segments of the sternum - "a large part of the tie" - articulates with ribs #2 - #7 Xiphoid process - answer-- most inferior structure of the sternum - "very tip of the tie" - important attachment site for the diaphragm muscles True Ribs (1-7) - answer-- first 7 ribs - cartilage connects directly to the sternum False Ribs (8-12) - answer-- 8, 9, 10 connect only to cartilage that piggy backs from the cartilage of previous ribs cartilage Floating Ribs (11-12) - answer-- are not connected to the cartilage at all - apart of the false ribs Hyoid Bone - answer-- inferior to jaw - horseshoe-shaped - suspended from tips of the styloid process of the temporal bones - only bone not articulated with any other bone in the human body Clavicle - answer-- "collarbone" - located within pectoral girdle - only "long bone" that lies horizontally within the body - connects with the scapula and the sternum Scapula - answer-- "shoulder blade" - located on the posterior region of the body - connects the humerus with the clavicle and forms the pectoral girdle - triangular in shape superior border - answer-- 1 of the 3 main borders of the scapula, the thinnest - located off of the coracoid process - runs from the base of the coracoid process to the topmost point of the scapula Medial Border - answer-- located medially, closest to the spine (nervous system) - opposite of the acromion and the coracoid processes - faces inward Lateral Border - answer-- located farthest away from nervous system spine - below acromion and coracoid process - the same side as the glenoid fossa, facing the head of the humerus Spine - answer-- runs from medial border to the beginning of the acromion process on the lateral border and posterior side of the scapula - separates the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa from each other - more pronounced the closer to the lateral border Supraspinous Fossa - answer-- indentation of the bone located above the spine of the scapula on the posterior side of the scapula - a very smooth thin piece of bone located between the medial border and the lateral border Infraspinous Fossa - answer-- located on the posterior side of the scapula below the spine of the scapula - larger, smoother region of the bone for muscle attachment - between the medial and the lateral borders Subscapular Fossa - answer-- located on the anterior side of the scapula, the depression = subscapular fossa - large, smooth depression where subscapularis sits Acromion Process - answer-- at the end of the spine of the scapula - "thumb-like" process that rises over the head of the humerus on the superior side of the scapula Glenoid Fossa - answer-- located between the acromion process and the coracoid process - smooth depression for the articulation of the head of the humerus - faces the lateral side of the scapula - L in gLenoid = lateral Coracoid Process of Scapula - answer-- a projection-like structure on superior anterior a side of the scapula - branches off of the glenoid fossa Coracoacromial Ligament - answer-- connects the acromion and coracoid process of the scapula - combine coracoid and acromion to remember this word Rotator Cuff Tendons - answer-- located around the ball and socket articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula - rotator = movement of the shoulder joint Biceps Brachii Muscle Tendon - answer-- the anterior portion of the shoulder joint, and continues down the anterior portion of the humerus - brachii = upper arm - this tendon runs along the intertuberacle groove in between the lesser and greater tubercles Humerus - answer-- upper arm bone - runs from your shoulder to your elbow - the humerus is superior to the ulna and radius Head of the Humerus - answer-- articulates with the glenoid cavity of scapula - head faces towards the medial side of your body Greater Tubercle - answer-- located laterally to the head of the humerus - large bump-like structure toward the posterior side of the humerus Lesser Tubercle - answer-- located lateral to the head of the humerus and anterior to the greater tubercle Intertubercular Groove - answer-a groove that separates the greater and lesser tubercles Anatomical Neck - answer-- borders head of the humerus - labeled with pipe cleaner surgical neck - answer-- inferior to the anatomical neck - labeled parallel to the floor Deltoid Tuberosity - answer-- located inferior to the surgical neck - identified by it's rough texture - the ONLY thing on the shaft of the humerus Capitulum - answer-- the distal end of the humerus - on the lateral side; marble-like structure Trochlea - answer-- the medial side of the capitulum - hour-glass shape to it - inferior to the coronoid fossa from the anterior point of view - most distinct projection of the "claw" Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus - answer-- the distal end of the humerus, on the medial side - same side as the head of the humerus Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus - answer-- on the lateral end of the distal end of the humerus - close to the capitulum, on the EDGE Olecranon Fossa - answer-- first depression is the deepest, located posteriorly side of the humerus - triangular shape - connects to the olecranon process of the ulna - sits superiorly to the trochlea on the posterior side of the humerus Coronoid Fossa - answer-- shallow depression located on the anterior side of the humerus - depression connects to the coronoid process of the ulna - together these 2 depressions with the connections to the processes create our elbow joint Ulna - answer-- located medially of the forearm when in the anatomical position - lines up with metacarpal #5 (pinky finger) Trochlear Notch - answer-- a c-shaped notch that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus - "claw" Olecranon Process - answer-- located on the anterior side of the ulna - commonly known as the tip of the elbow - the process is superior to the trochlear notch and fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus - "top of the claw" Coronoid Process of Ulna - answer-- located on the anterior portion of the ulna - extension of the trochlear notch - only ONE PROCESS on the anterior side of the ulna - "lower portion of claw" Radial Notch - answer-- located on the lateral side of the ulna - articulates with the head of the radius - lies next to the coronoid process Styloid Process of the Ulna - answer-- pointed tip at the distal end (head of the ulna) - found on the medial side of the ulna - smaller, more pointy portion Head of Ulna - answer-- located on the distal part of the ulna - entire disc-shaped end of ulna that articulates with the carpal bones to form wrist joint Radius - answer-- one of the two bones that make up the forearm - located on the thumb side of the arm (metacarpal #1) - the lateral bone of the forearm - articulates with ulna and carpal bones Head of Radius - answer-- disk-shaped end of the bone - located on the proximal end of the bone - articulates with the ulna's radial notch Radial Tuberosity - answer-- large, rough bump - inferior to the head and the neck of the radius - points medial Styloid Process of Radius - answer-- located at the distal end of the bone - the large pointed portion at the end of the bone - articulates with the carpal bones - the thumb side of the wrist Triquetrum - answer-- located directly next to the pisiform - posterior region of the hand Pisiform - answer-- the small medial bone of the proximal row - anterior region of the hand Hamate - answer-- unique hook-like structure - the medial bone of the distal row Metacarpals - answer-- 1-5, starting at thumb (1) and ending at the pinky (5) - make up the palm of the hand - articulate with the carpals and the proximal phalanges Phalanges - answer-- bones that make up the fingers - each finger is made up of 3 phalanges; proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, and distal phalanx Proximal Phalanx - answer-- row of phalanx, most proximal to the elbow - just distal to the metacarpals - tip: you wear your ring around your proximal phalanx Middle Phalanx - answer-- row bones in between the proximal and distal phalanx - only #2-#5 have a middle phalanx Distal Phalanx - answer-- most distal row of bones in the hands - makes up your fingertips - ALL phalanges have a distal phalanx Pelvic Girdle (os coxa) - answer-- forms the hips - is the pivot for the legs and vertebral column Acetabulum - answer-- "acid bowl" - the lateral side of the os coxa - articulates with the head of the femur Obturator Foramen - answer-- located inferior to the ilium and anterior to the ischium ilium - answer-- part of os coxa that forms the hip - it's located on the superior portion of the 3 fused bones iliac crest - answer-- smooth ridge on the ilium - located on the superior portion of the ilium iliac fossa - answer-- smooth depression under the iliac crest - located on the medial position of the ilium Anterior Superior iliac spine - answer-- large notch located on the anterior side of the os coxa - it's the superior notch Anterior Inferior iliac spine - answer-- small notch located on the anterior side of the os coxa - it's the inferior notch - it's inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine Greater Sciatic notch - answer-- large indentation below the posterior iliac spine - located on the posterior side, opposite of the 2 spines ischium - answer-- part of the fused os coxa - located on the posterior inferior side - articulates with the femur ischial spine - answer-- sharp bump - located on the posterior side of os coxa - inferior to the greater sciatic notch and superior to the ischial tuberosity ischial tuberosity - answer-- rough surface located on the posterior side of the os coxa - inferior to the ischial spine - "butt bone" Pubis - answer-- bone fused to form the os coxa - located on the anterior inferior side pubic tubercle - answer-- sharp point - located on the anterior superior portion of the pubis Pubis Symphysis - answer-- a joint that connects the pubic tubercles from both os coxa together Sacroiliac Joint - answer-- the medial, posterior side of the ilium of each os coxa - a rough region that'll join to the lateral sides of the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint Femur - answer-- largest bone located on the appendicular skeleton - located in the thigh/upper leg Head of the Femur - answer-- ball-shaped protrusion - on the superior and medial side of the femur - articulates with the acetabulum Neck of Femur - answer-- connection of the head of the femur and the body of the femur Greater Trochanter - answer-- large bump-like structure connection below the neck of the femur on the lateral side lesser trochanter - answer-- small bumpy projection - inferior to the neck of the femur on the lateral and posterior side - inferior to the greater trochanter Linea Aspera - answer-- line going down the posterior side of the femur Medial Condyle of Femur - answer-- the smooth region on the distal medial part of the femur - same side as the head of the femur - medial condyle of the femur is larger than the lateral condyle of the femur Lateral Condyle of Femur - answer-- smooth region on the distal lateral part of the femur - same side as the greater trochanter Patella - answer-- "kneecap" - in between the femur and the tibia - posterior to the patellar ligament tibia - answer-- the large medial of the lower leg Medial condyle of tibia - answer-- the proximal portion of the tibia that flares to the medial side and articulates with the medial condyle of the femur Lateral Condyle of Tibia - answer-- the proximal portion of the tibia that flares to the lateral side - articulates with the lateral femoral condyle Tibial Tuberosity - answer-- anteriorly inferior to the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia - site of muscle attachment to the bone medial malleolus - answer-- helps stabilize ankle joint - inferior articular surface is smooth so it can slide over the talus of the ankle - found on the inferior/medial side of the tibia - toe-like projection Fibula - answer-- slender bone - lateral to the tibia Head of Fibula - answer-- proximal end of the fibula - more rounded and less pointed than lateral malleolus Lateral Malleolus - answer-- distal end of the fibula - from a horizontal view it looks triangular - "snake head" Lateral Meniscus - answer-- 1 of 2 fibrocartilaginous bands located within the knee joint - located on the outside (lateral) part of the knee Medial Meniscus - answer-- 2 of 2 fibrocartilaginous bands - located on the medial part of the knee Medial Collateral Ligament - answer-- 1 of 4 major ligaments of the knee - located on the interior side of the knee (medial) - attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia - MCL Lateral Collateral Ligament - answer-- 2 of 4 major ligaments of the knee - located on the exterior (lateral) side of the knee - attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the head of the fibula - LCL Anterior Cruciate Ligament - answer-- 3 of 4 major ligaments of the knee - located within the middle of the knee joint - ACL Posterior Cruciate Ligament - answer-- 4 of 4 major ligaments of the knee - can be seen on the posterior side of the knee - PCL Patellar Ligament - answer-- on the anterior side of the knee - attaches to the tibial tuberosity and encompasses the patella Tarsals - answer-- bones on the ankle - located inferior to the tibia - function to move feet up and down Calcaneus - answer-- located in the ankle area - most posterior bone of the tarsals - pivots feet - makes up the heel of the foot Talus - answer-- located in the ankle area - superior to the calcaneus - where the inferior end of the tibia attaches to the foot Metatarsals - answer-- bones of the foot - all located anterior to the tarsals - function as the base of the foot - #1-#5 starting with the big toe (1) and moving to the pinky toe (5) Phalanges (foot) - answer-- located anterior to metatarsals - function as toes - each toe = phalanx - also #1-#5 starting with the big toe (1) and ending with pinky toe (5) Proximal Phalanx of the Toes - answer-- located most proximal to the 3 types of phalanx Middle Phalanx of the Toes - answer-- located anterior to the proximal phalanx - big toe doesn't have a middle phalanx Distal Phalanx of the Toes - answer-- located most distal of the 3 types of phalanx