ZOOL 2403 Boros lecture exam 1 fully solved & updated

how is joint stability affected by range of movement? - answer-joint stability decreases as mobility increases and vice versa what are the 3 functional classifications of joints? - answer-immovable, slightly moveable, and synovial what are the 4 major components of a synovial joint? - ins a cavity 2. surrounded by connective tissue capsule 3. inner surface of capsule is lined by a synovial membrane 4. articular surfaces covered with articular cartilage 4 accessory structures of synovial joints? - lage 2. ligaments 3. tendons 4. bursae where are synovial joints found? - answer-at the ends of long bones when you are in anatomical position, all major joints are ______ - answer-extended and adducted what is an axis - answer-a straight line about which the body rotates Flexion - answer-reduces the angle between 2 bones Extension - answer-increases angle between 2 bones Dorsiflexion - answer-Extension at ankle (flexing of foot) Plantar Flexion - answer-Flexion at ankle (pointing foot) Lateral Flexion - answer-bends vertebral column from side to side Abduction - answer-(in frontal plane) moves away from your central axis Adduction - answer-(in frontal plane) moves toward your central axis medial rotation - answer-rotates toward your central axis lateral rotation - answer-rotates away from central axis pronation - answer-rotates forearm- radius over ulna supination - answer-forearm in anatomical position-Soupbowlination protraction - answer-moves anteriorly (moving forward) retraction - answer-moves posteriorly (pulling back) elevation - answer-moves in superior direction (up, closing mouth) depression - answer-moves in inferior direction (down, opening mouth) how does movement occur? - answer-when muscles contract the 2 most common synovial joints? - answer-ball and socket and hinge joints examples of ball and socket joint - answer-shoulder joint and hip joint examples of hinge joints - answer-elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joint 4 tissue types - answer-connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue what do connective tissues do? - answer-composed of cells and their secretory products that fills in spaces between other cells and tissues what does epithelial tissues do? - answer-composed of tightly packed cells that line all body surfaces what does muscle tissues do? - answer-composed of cells that contract for movement what does nervous tissues do? - answer-composed of cells that send electrical signals fibroblast - answer-immature cells Extracellular Matrix - answer-secreted by fibroblasts, composed of fibers, ground substance, glycoprotiens what is ground substance? - answer-major component of ECM, a space filler (like stuffing) holds a lot of water, primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans what are glycoproteins? - answer-the glue for cell adhesion and migration( e.g.. laminin and fibronectin) Functions of Connective Tissue - answer-Support,filler, transport, and storage three tissue types of cartilage - answer-Hyaline, Elastic, and fibrocartilage Hyaline Cartilage - answer-most common type of cartilage, tough and flexible, found on articular surfaces(between ribs and sternum), provides a smooth surface which reduces friction in joints elastic cartilage - answer-only cartilage that contains elastic fibers, very flexible, bendy and stretchy (ear and larynx) fibrocartilage - answer-only cartilage that contains large collagen fiber bundles, very durable, tough, resists compression, good for shock-absorbing and weight bearing surfaces. found in intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, and pubic symphsis Perichondrium - answer-connective tissue that wraps cartilage and set cartilage apart from surrounding tissues 3 major cell types of cartilage tissue - answer-chondrocytes, chondroblasts, and chondroclasts chondroclasts? - answer-Clast=destroyer located in the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium -phagocytic cells dissolve cartilage (helpful in bone development) Chondroblasts - answer-immature cartilage cells and mature into chondrocytes, secretes new cartilage layers chondrocytes - answer-mature cartilage cells within cartilage matrix secrete new cartilage interstitial growth - answer-cartilage matrix is a gel and can expand from within with secretions of chondrocytes appositional growth - answer-cartilage layers are added to periphery (like rings to a tree) by chondroblasts Cartilage tissue Characteristics - answer-solid, stiff, flexible and are avascular:cells rely only on diffusion for nutrients Bone tissue Characteristics - answer-very hard and rigid,(due to calcium) very vascular, hollow, appositional growth only 2 Types of bone tissue - answer-Compact, cancellous 3 major cell types of bone tissue - answer-osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts describe compact bone tissue - answer-lines long bones and skull bones, not porous, provides support to skeleton describe cancellous/spongy bone - answer-in marrow cavity, source of calcium, source of red and white blood cells osteoblasts - answer-immature bone cells, secrete new bone layers around periphery osteocytes - answer-mature bone cells, live in lacunae(cavities) receive nutrients from blood vessels and maintains bone calcium levels osteoclasts - answer-phagocytic cells in marrow cavity, secretes acid and enzymes that dissolve bone what are the two ways bones can form? - answer-intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification describe calcium and where it is stored - answer-calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, calcium ions are vital to proper functioning of neurons and muscle cells; stored in bones muscles that cross the elbow joint move the _______ - answer-forearm muscles that cross the shoulder joint move the ___ - answer-arm most anterior muscles are __ and ___ (flexor or extensors) (medial or lateral rotator) - answer-flexor;medial rotator most posterior muscles are ___ and ____ - answer-(extensor;lateral rotator associated with the head, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and =60% of skeletal muscles - answer-Axial muscles Associated with pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs and =40% of skeletal muscles - answer-Appendicular muscles the 6 cranial bones - answer-frontal parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid 4 primary facial bones - answer-maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic function of hyoid bone - answer-attachment site for skeletal muscles, associated with larynx and pharynx the temporomandibular joint - answer-joint to the only moveable bone of the skull (mandible) functions of vertebral column - answer-protects spinal cord, supports head and body, attaches skeletal muscles to back 5 regions of vertebral column - answer-cervical, thoracic,lumbar,sacral, and coccygeal purpose of transverse process and spinous process - answer-muscle and ligament attachment sites purpose of sacrum - answer-protects organs (curved more in males than females) purpose of coccyx - answer-attached to ligaments and muscles of the anus that controls defecation functions of thoracic cage: - answer-protects heart and lungs, attaches to skeletal muscle why are there fossae on scapulas? - answer-major muscle attachment site components and functions of the pectoral girdle - answer-composed of clavicle and scapula; connects upper limbs to the axial skeleton what is another name for the thumb? - answer-pollex another name for the forearm - answer-antibrachium another name for humerus - answer-brachium 4 upper limb components from proximal to distal - answer-arm is proximal to elbow, forearm is distal to elbow, wrist, hand what does your humerus articulate with proximally? - answer-the glenoid cavity 3 basic components of pelvic girdle - answer-illium, ishium, pubis function of pelvic girdle - answer-connect the lower limbs to the axial skeleton compare the sternoclavicular joint with the sacroiliac joint - answer-sternoclavicular=unstable, weak; sacroiliac=very sturdy attachment to axial skeleton names for the knee cap - answer-sesamoid bone or patella another name for shinbone - answer-tibia fibula - answer-lateral to tibia, articulates with tibia and tarsals, does not support body weight another name for big toe - answer-hallux whats different about the big toe from all the others? - answer-it has two phalanges- proximal and distal transverse tubules - answer-a network of interconnected tubes that also surround myofibrils sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - answer-hollow membrane that surrounds myofibrils (like sleeve of shirt surrounds your arm) what do the cruciate ligaments inside the knee do? - answer-limit anterior posterior movements what do the collateral ligaments of the knee do? - answer-limits abduction and adduction what kind of joint is the knee joint? - answer-biaxial hinge joint what kind of joint (articulation) is at the hip? - answer-ball and socket pelvic girdle-femur