BIO100: Principles of Biology Questions & Correct Answers/ Graded A+

Unit 1: State the purpose of science and differentiate between basic and applied science. : A body of knowledge about the natural world . Unit 1: Differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning and state how each is used in the scientific method. : Inductive- based on specific observations or data resulting in a general conclusion. Deductive- based on the testing of a general principle in a specific case. Unit 1: Identify four general research methods controlled experiments, comparison studies, observational research and modeling, and describe a strength and weakness of each. : Controlled Experiments- Independent and dependent variables, deductively, cause and effect. Limitations: lab conditions introduce an element of artificially. Results are only factual in the context of the student and cannot not necessarily be applied in situations. Comparison Studies-Primary methodology in the study of health and disease. COnclusions are inductive. Uses statistical data on populations. Limitations: there is no manipulation or control of variables Conclusion are not deductive. Data can be easily manipulated. 2 Observational Research- Observational in nature and leads most often in natural phenomena. conclusions are inference and very biased Limitations: no variables are controlled. does not explain or determine cause and effect. Conclusions are biased. Modeling- Used to explain and predict phenomena that cannot be directly studied. testing drugs. Modeling organism- lab animals, bacteria. Limitations: animals are not humans. Computer model- formula on a computer software to predict an outcome. Limitations: not real results based on the preconceived assumptions of the scientists. Unit 1: List the four requirements for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship and differentiate between correlation and cause-and-effect. : 1. Temporal precedence the cause must occur before the effect. 2. Covariation of the relationship- if X then Y, or if not X then not Y. 3. No plausible alternative explanations- it is not reasonably possible that there is some other factor that is causing the outcome. 4. In science, a causal mechanism should/must be identified- this isn't always immediately possible but is required for certainty. Cause- independent variable Effect- dependent variable. 3 Unit 1: Define anecdotal evidence, authority and consensus in science and explain why each are a very poor basis for reaching a conclusion. : Anecdotal Evidence- Mistake correlation for cause and effect. Weakest form of evidence. Authority- asserts the expertise of scientists in order to argue something is factual. Consensus- the collective judgement position and opinion of the community of scientists. Issue: scientists cannot vote how the natural world works. Scientists cannot change reality. Unit 2: State the cell principle and explain why knowledge of the cell is central to the study of all of the biological sciences. : It is the building block of life. Unit 2: Distinguish between plant and animal cells and identify and describe the function of the following cellular organelle; cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplast, vacuole, mitochondrion, cilia and flagella. : Plant cell has chloroplast and have a more ridge structure. Cell Membrane- Semipermeable membrane around the cel