A&P 2 EXAM 1 (CNS & PNS) with correct answers 2024

The cerebellum functions in: A) biological rhythms. B) learning, memory, and personality. C) homeostatic functions such as breathing and heart rate. D) the planning and coordination of movement. (CNS) - answer-D) the planning and coordination of movement In the spinal cord, nerve tracts or funiculi make up the: A) white columns B) central canal C) gray commissure D) gray horns (CNS) - answer-A) white columns The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are all part of the __________. A) cerebellum B) brainstem C) cerebrum D) diencephalon (CNS) - answer-B) brainstem Where are color, object movement, and depth processed? A) auditory association cortex B) premotor cortex C) precentral gyrus D) visual association areas (CNS) - answer-D) visual association areas Which of the following is NOT a component of the blood-brain barrier? A)Astrocytes B) The meninges C) The endothelial cells of brain capillaries D) High numbers of tight junctions in brain capillaries (CNS) - answer-B) The meninges Chronic alcohol abuse will not only cause an individual to develop liver damage, but may also lead to cerebellar damage. Damage to the cerebellum will cause the individual to: A) have uncontrollable, involuntary movements B) have accurate and precise body movement C) appear clumsy and uncoordinated D) have difficulty producing speech (CNS) - answer-C) appear clumsy and uncoordinated What part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for personality, the creation of an awareness of self, and the ability to recognize appropriate behavior? A) temporal association cortex B) prefrontal cortex C) Wernicke's area D) parietal association cortex (CNS) - answer-B) Prefrontal cortex The majority of the cerebral cortex is: A) cerebellum. B) fiber tracts. C) neocortex. D) white matter. (CNS) - answer-C) Neocortez What information is received by the primary vestibular cortex? A) vision B) hearing C) equilibrium D) taste (CNS) - answer-C) Equilibrium A patient involved in a car accident was transported to the hospital for a severe head injury. Upon her arrival, the doctor has given her a poor chance of survival due to the injuries she sustained. Based on his diagnosis, which part of the brain was damaged? A) The cerebrum B) The cerebellum C) The brainstem D) The diencephalon (CNS) - answer-C) The Brainsteam What type of fiber carries information from the frontal lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere to the occipital lobe of the same cerebral hemisphere? A) association fibers B) corpus callosum C) commissural fibers D) projection fibers (CNS) - answer-A) Association During development, the telencephalon gives rise to the __________. A) cerebellum B) pons C) cerebral hemispheres D) medulla oblongata (CNS) - answer-C) Cerebral hemisphere The hippocampus and amygdala are parts of the: A) globus pallidus. B) limbic system. C) reticular formation. D) caudate nucleus. (CNS) - answer-Limbic system Which description best matches the location of white matter? A) In the spinal cord, white matter is deep while cerebral white matter is superficial. B) In the spinal cord, white matter is superficial while cerebral white matter is deep. C) In both the brain and spinal cord, white matter is deep. D) In both the brain and spinal cord, white matter is superficial. (CNS) - answer-B) In the spinal cord, white matter is superficial while cerebral white matter is deep. Which of the following tracts does NOT carry sensory stimuli? A) Anterolateral system B) Spinocerebellar tracts C) Corticospinal tracts D) Posterior columns (CNS) - answer-C) Corticospinal tracts What part of the brain is the "boss" of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? A) basal nuclei B) hypothalamus C) thalamus D) pons (CNS) - answer-B) Hypothalamus Damage to the substantia nigra of the midbrain would be indicated by problems with: A) heart rate B) sense of smell C) respiration D) movement (CNS) - answer-D) Movement What is the correct pathway of development of the cerebellum? A) Neural tube, forebrain, telencephalon, cerebellum B) Neural tube, midbrain, mesencephalon, cerebellum C) Neural tube, hindbrain, metencephalon, cerebellum D) Neural tube, diencephalon, cerebellum (CNS) - answer-C) Neural tube, hindbrain, metencephalon, cerebellum Broca's area is responsible for the ability to produce speech while Wernicke's area is responsible for the ability to understand language. True or False (CNS) - answer-True The neurotransmitter orexin increases right before waking and is involved in maintaining wakefulness and appetite throughout the day. If a tumor occurs in the hypothalamus that causes an increase in orexin, you would expect an individual to: A) have increased appetite and difficulty falling asleep B) have difficulty staying awake and increased appetite C) have difficulty falling asleep and decreased appetite D) have difficulty staying awake and decreased appetite (CNS) - answer-A) have increased appetite and difficulty falling asleep What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain? A) corticospinal tract B) anterolateral system C) spinocerebellar tract D) posterior column (CNS) - answer-A) corticospinal tract The brainstem connects the brain and the: A) cerebellum. B) ventricles. C) eyes. D) spinal cord. (CNS) - answer-A) Cerebrum Todd was startled when the door slammed shut. What part of the brainstem is responsible for this reflex? A) midbrain B) pons C) thalamus D) medulla (CNS) - answer-A) Midbrain What is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe? A) auditory association area B) primary visual cortex C) primary auditory cortex D) primary somatosensory cortex (CNS) - answer-D) primary somatosensory cortex A patient enters the ER with loss of muscle function on the right side of her body. The initial exam indicates she may have suffered a stroke in her: A) thalamus B) right cerebral hemisphere C pons D) left cerebral hemisphere (CNS) - answer-D) left cerebral hemisphere The thalamus receives information from all of the following senses EXCEPT for: A) hearing. B) taste. C) smell. D) vision. (CNS) - answer-C) smell The primary motor cortex of the right cerebral hemisphere: A) integrates senses from multiple different sources B) controls the motor activity on the right side of the body C) controls the motor activity on the left side of the body D) receives and processes sensory input (CNS) - answer-C) controls the motor activity on the left side of the body Bundles of white matter in the cerebrum are known as: A) nuclei B) tracts C) nerves D) ganglia (CNS) - answer-B) tracts What is housed in the pyramidal tracts of the medulla oblongata? A) upper sensory neurons of the corticospinal tract B) lower sensory neurons of the corticospinal tract C) upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract D) lower motor neurons of the corticospinal tract (CNS) - answer-C) upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract What functional brain system participates in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior? A) anterolateral system B) limbic system C) medial lemniscal system D) peripheral nervous system (CNS) - answer-B) limbic system Which brain nucleus serves as the body's "master clock"? A) suprachiasmatic nucleus B) lentiform nucleus C) caudate nucleus D) basal nucleus (CNS) - answer-A) suprachiasmatic nucleus The deepest stage of sleep is experienced during: A) stage III B) stage IV C) stage VI D) stage I (CNS) - answer-B) stage IV The neurons responsible for hearing, language, memory, and emotions can be found in the __________ lobe. A) frontal B) occipital C) parietal D) temporal (CNS) - answer-D) temporal During which stage of sleep is it impossible for someone to sleepwalk? A) REM sleep B) Stage III sleep C) Stage I sleep D) Stage IV sleep (CNS) - answer-A) REM sleep What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube? A) mesencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon B) midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata C) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain D) brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum (CNS) - answer-C) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain The large superior portion of the brain responsible for higher functions is called the __________. A) brainstem B) cerebellum C) cerebrum D) diencephalon (CNS) - answer-C) cerebrum The hypothalamus functions in: A) coordinating movement B) secreting a hormone called melatonin C) regulating the autonomic nervous system D) sending information to the cerebral cortex (CNS) - answer-C) regulating the autonomic nervous system Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by ________ and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into ________. A) dural sinuses; ependymal cells B) astrocytes; ependymal cells C) the cerebral aqueduct; arachnoid villi D) choroid plexuses; dural sinuses (CNS) - answer-D) choroid plexuses; dural sinuses What brain region is responsible for learning, memory, and personality? A) cerebellum B) cerebrum C) diencephalon D) brainstem (CNS) - answer-B) cerebrum A patient with an injured amygdala might be unable to __________. A) experience fear B) regulate breathing C) inhibit inappropriate movements D) regulate body temperature (CNS) - answer-A) experience fear What connective tissue sheath wraps the axon of a neuron? A) perineurium B) epineurium C) endoneurium D) fascicle (PNS) - answer-C) endoneurium In the crossed-extension reflex, if the right leg flexes, then the left leg: A) abducts B) extends C) adducts D) flexes (PNS) - answer-B) extends The longest and largest nerve in the body belongs to the sacral plexus and is known as the: A) femoral nerve B) sciatic nerve C) common fibular nerve D) axillary nerve (PNS) - answer-B) sciatic nerve The branch of the anterior ramus that contains autonomic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system is called __________. A) ramus communicans B) anterior root C) posterior ramus D) cervical nerve (PNS) - answer-A) ramus communicans Which division detects stimuli of the general senses and special senses? A) visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system) B) visceral sensory division C) somatic sensory division D) somatic motor division (PNS) - answer-C) somatic sensory division A typical somatic sensory neuron is classified as a: A) first-order neuron B) second-order neuron C) third-order neuron D) lower neuron (PNS) - answer-A) first-order neuron Damage to what region of the spinal cord could have the patient potentially unable to breathe unassisted? A) C7 B) C3 C) C5 D) C6 (PNS) - answer-B) C3 Damage of proprioceptors or sensory neurons that communicate with the cerebellum will cause which of the following? A) There may be a lack of coordination while walking. B) All the answer choices are correct C) One may not know where their body part or limbs are relative to space. D) Can affect balance (PNS) - answer-B) All the answer choices are correct Which of the following does NOT belong to the brachial plexus? A) phrenic nerve B) ulnar nerve C) median nerve D) musculocutaneous nerve (PNS) - answer-A) phrenic nerve What is the outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve? A) epimysium B) epineurium C) perineurium D) endoneurium (PNS) - answer-B) epineurium The inability to produce a gag reflex could indicate a problem with the: A) glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) or vagus nerve (X) B) hypoglossal nerve (XII) or vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) C) abducens nerve (VI) or trochlear nerve (IV) D) facial nerve (VII) or trigeminal nerve (V) (PNS) - answer-A) glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) or vagus nerve (X) Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by: A) photoreceptors B) proprioceptors C) nociceptors D) chemoreceptor. - answer-C) nociceptors Proprioceptors are located in the musculoskeletal system where they detect the movement and position of a joint or body part. True / False (PNS) - answer-True Pain in the right side of the neck and shoulder associated with liver and gallbladder pathology is an example of __________. A) visceral sensation B) nerve paralysis C) referred pain D) shingles (PNS) - answer-C) referred pain Regions of skin supplied by a spinal nerve for somatic sensation are known as: A) dermatomes B) the ABCDE rule C) lines of cleavage D) the rule of nines (PNS) - answer-A) dermatomes Predict the effects of damage to the lower motor neuron: A) Upper motor neurons would directly send impulses to the skeletal muscles. B) The lower motor neuron will not be able to stimulate the upper motor neuron. C) Skeletal muscle atrophy may occur D) There would be increased levels of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft between lower motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber. (PNS) - answer-C) Skeletal muscle atrophy may occur The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the: A) visceral motor division (or autonomic nervous system, ANS) B) somatic motor division C) visceral sensory division D) somatic sensory division (PNS) - answer-A) visceral motor division (or autonomic nervous system, ANS) The posterior (dorsal) root of a spinal nerve and the posterior ramus are considered mixed nerves since they both carry sensory and motor information. True / False (PNS) - answer-False A network of nerves is known as a: A) root B) ramus C) horn D) plexus - answer-D) plexus A bundle of axons within a nerve is called a __________. A) endoneurium B) ganglion C) fascicle D) ramus (PNS) - answer-C) fascicle What type of motor neuron stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to contract by the excitation-contraction mechanism? A) γ-motor neuron B) upper motor neuron C) α-motor neuron D) interneuron (PNS) - answer-C) α-motor neuron The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all of the following EXCEPT: A) glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) B) trochlear nerve (IV) C) trigeminal nerve (V) D) facial nerve (VII) - answer-B) trochlear nerve (IV) Where is the motor response initiated? A) motor areas of the brain B) lower motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) C) cranial nerves D) spinal nerves (PNS) - answer-A) motor areas of the brain Which plexus provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb? A) sacral plexus B) brachial plexus C) cranial plexus D) lumbar plexus (PNS) - answer-B) brachial plexus The neurons that select a particular motor program are the __________. A) neurons in the cerebellum B) upper motor neurons in the premotor cortex C) neurons in the basal nuclei D) lower motor neurons (PNS) - answer-B) upper motor neurons in the premotor cortex Visceral pain may be perceived as cutaneous pain, a phenomenon known as: A) the receptive field B) slowly adapting reception C) referred pain D) phantom limb pain (PNS) - answer-C) referred pain. Ms. Parker has damage to the sensory root of the facial nerve (VII). Which of the following symptoms matches this information? A) inability to swallow B) inability to smell C) inability to taste D) inability to elevate the mandible (PNS) - answer-C) inability to taste Place the following steps in order for motor control 1. Upper motor neurons stimulate lower motor neurons. 2. Sensory information is relayed back to the cerebellum so movement can be modified if needed. 3. Upper motor neurons in the premotor cortex select a motor program. 4. Lower motor neurons stimulate a skeletal muscle to contract. 5. The basal nuclei enable the thalamus to stimulate upper motor neurons of the primary cortex. A) 2, 5, 3, 1, 4 B) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 C) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 (PNS) - answer-B) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 Loss of balance and equilibrium can indicate damage to the: A) trochlear nerve (IV) B) accessory nerve (XI) C)hypoglossal nerve (XII) D) vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (PNS) - answer-D) vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) A plexus is a __________. A)cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the PNS B) cluster of axons in the PNS C) network of spinal nerves D) section of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root (PNS) - answer-C) network of spinal nerves The receptors for smell and taste are __________. A) photoreceptors B) mechanoreceptors C) thermoreceptors D) chemoreceptors (PNS) - answer-D) chemoreceptors Which of the following is INCORRECT about the numbers of spinal nerves? A) 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves B) 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves C) 7 pairs of cervical spinal nerves D) 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves (PNS) - answer-C) 7 pairs of cervical spinal nerves Which of the following is a characteristic of both spinal and cranial nerves? A) They are formed from the fusion of anterior and posterior roots B) They are predominantly motor C) They contain bundles of axons D) They are pure sensory (PNS) - answer-C) They contain bundles of axons What connects the upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons? A) sensory neurons B) primary afferent neuron C) muscle fibers D) interneurons (PNS) - answer-D) interneurons A simple reflex with only a single synapse between the sensory and motor neurons is known as a: A) visceral reflex B) somatic reflex C) polysynaptic reflex D) monosynaptic reflex (PNS) - answer-D) monosynaptic reflex Mechanoreceptors might detect which of the following sensations? A) light B) pressure C) smell D) temperature (PNS) - answer-B) pressure Programmed, automatic responses, which require rapid communication between the sensory and motor branches of the nervous system, are called ____________. A) receptors B) plexuses C) transductions D) reflexes (PNS) - answer-D) reflexes The trigeminal nerve (V) has three nerve branches: optic nerve, maxillary nerve, and oculomotor nerve. True / False (PNS) - answer-False Mr. Pratchett has damage to his facial nerve, but not his trigeminal nerve. What would happen to his corneal blink reflex? A) The cornea will send somatosensory information via the trigeminal nerve to the pons, but due to facial nerve damage, it will not be able to induce the orbicularis oculi muscle to contract. B) Although the facial nerve would not be able to send somatic sensory information of dust flying into the eyes, the trigeminal nerve can still make the eyes blink by contracting the eyelids. C) The pons will override the lack of information from the facial nerve damage and the trigeminal nerve will have a compensatory mechanism of activating the ophthalmic nerve to cause one to contract their orbicularis oculi muscles. D) There would be no sensation of somatosensory information coming from the cornea, yet there would be perception of somatosensory information in the parietal lobe. (PNS) - answer-A) The cornea will send somatosensory information via the trigeminal nerve to the pons, but due to facial nerve damage, it will not be able to induce the orbicularis oculi muscle to contract Cranial nerve V is the __________. A) facial nerve B) trochlear nerve C) accessory nerve D) trigeminal nerve (PNS) - answer-D) trigeminal nerve Receptors that detect the movement and position of a joint or body part are called __________. A) nociceptors B) thermoreceptors C) proprioceptors D) chemoreceptors (PNS) - answer-C) proprioceptors