NUSCTX 10S Midterm 1 Questions & Answers Correctly Answered.

Goal - To gain a basic knowledge that will enable you to make effective choices about your nutritional needs Healthy Diet - is one that provides the right amount of energy to keep weight in the desirable range; the proper types and balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; plenty of water; and sufficient but not excessive amounts of essential vitamins and minerals. Metabolism - is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Anabolism - uses energy to construct components of cells. Reactions Require Energy (ATP) Catabolism - breaks down organic matter, for example, to harvest energy. Release Energy (ATP) Key Cellular Organelles - Rough ER, Smooth ER, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Mitochondrion Cellular Respiration - refers to the biochemical pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life. Mark the statement(s) that are true: A) Lipids can be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum B) The process of desperation to produce energy occurs in the mitochondria C) Protein are made in the nucleusD) All of the above - A and B Entropy and Disorder - work is generally required to produce order out of disorder, so energy must be used to produce a highly ordered state Mitochondria - participate in the chemical processes that transfer energy from the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to newly created adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules 1) ATP, 2) Oxygen utilization, 3) Carbon dioxide formation Oxidation - is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction - is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Enzyme - biological catalysts that work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. Which statement is false? A) Going from an organized state to a disorganized state releases energy B) Your body can't build new materials without taking other materials apart C) Enzymes can cause biological reaction that otherwise could never occur D) All of the above are true - C Levels of organization of the human body - chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism Types of Tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Corrolation - statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables fluctuate together. A positive correlation indicates the extent to which those variables increase or decrease in parallelPotential energy - the energy stored within an object. This stored energy is based on the state, arrangement, or position of the object. 1 kcal - - increase of 1kg of water 1 C - 1000 calories What we eat - Carbohydrates, Portein, Fat How we use energy - Basal metabolism, Thermic effect of food (TEF), Physical activity, non exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) Basal Metabolic RAte (BMR) - The rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going Surface Law - The metabolic rate (heat production per unit time) of an animal is proportional to their respective surface area prediction of basal metabolic rate - Metabolic rate is proportional to weight (kg) to the 3/4 power. M=70.5W^(.75) Ways to measure BMR - Direct colorimetry, Indirect calorimetry: the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide expelled, stable isotopes methods Rank the animals with the highest metabolic rate based on weight (form high to low) A) Humming Bird B) Whale C) Human male D) Human female - A, C, D, BFramework for Human Energy Production - 1) Concentrations Gradient arenecesssaryto produce energy. 2)Formation of concentration gradients require energy Concentration Gradient - Particles, called solutes, move from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles.The areas are typically separated by a membrane. Respiration - a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances Methods for assessing body composition - bioelectric impedance analysis, skinfold thickness, underwater weighing, dilution methods, radiologic methods