Psych 1 UC Berkeley Exam 2 (Answered;graded A+)

Hermann Ebbinghaus - Wanted to prove that you can examine concept of memory from a scientific view. Used nonsense syllables. Determined memory capacity is 7 + or - 2 Free Recall Test - you are able to produce a response as you do on essays or short answer questions Cued Recall Test - Receive hints to help test memory Recognition Test - choosing the correct item among several other options (multiple choice test) Savings Test - relearning method; recalls past memory Implicit memory - an influence of an experience on what you say or do that you might not be aware of the influence Encoding - converting information into a form that is memorable to you Storage - retaining information for later use Retrieval - accessing stored information that we have encoded Sensory Memory - Include all 5 of your sense; infinite capacity(or very large); only remember what you thought was relevant Short Term Memory - capacity 7 +or - 2; info has to go through short term memory before it proceeds to long term memory; only last a few daysprocedural memories - How to do something more implicit declarative memory - more explicit, ability to state in words. Has 2 sub-categories Episodic memory - memory for specific events in your life, a certain event reminds you of a principle or fact Semantic Memory - memory of principle or facts; like what you learn in school Primacy Effect - easier to remember the info @ the beginning Recency Effect - Easier to remember info @ the end because more recent Proactive Interference - new material lost because old material is taking up space Retroactive Interference - Old material lost due to new material The reconstruction Effect - ability to include inaccurate information in an attempt to fill in the gaps. Expectations play a big role in this Elizabeth Loftus' Experiment - The mall study, able to convince children that their parent lost them when they were a child even though that was not true. (Leading Questions) Hindsight Bias - changing your memory of the past so you can fit it to how events actually turned out Levels of processing - Deeper processing leads to a deeper connection and easier memory; shallow connection leads to difficulties remembering encoding specificity - ability to recall something increases when asked to recall something relatedMemory Dependence - When you are more likely to remember something if you are in similar conditions as to when you learned the information Situation Dependency - Being in the same classroom you learned the info in when taking a test State Dependency - drink coffee while learning it, then you should drink coffee while being tested on it Method of Loci - pairing items with something memorable ex-- imagining your house and try to remember a grocery list by "putting" in a grocery in each room with random circumstances algorithms - mechanical, procedural, accurate problem solving. but time consuming Heuristics - mental short cuts based on experience; prone to human error but quick. not much thinking maximizers - searching for the best possible choice. Can lead to be unsatisfied because went too far down maximizer list so nothing is perfect; connection to algorithmic approach