psych 202 final uw madison All Possible Questions and Answers with complete solution

What is the Prisoner's Dilemma? What does it tell us about the prevalence of cooperation? - AnswerPrisoner's Dilemma: Game Theory model for understanding competition and cooperation Models why cooperation can be rare Influence of trust Tit-for-tat an effective strategy What is the tit-for-tat strategy? - Answer-Whatever your opponent did last turn, you do this time What is altruism? Why is its existence hard to explain, in terms of evolutionary theory? - AnswerAltruism: Behavior toward another person that benefits other, at potential cost to self Evolutionary theory: Promote your own genes; operates on selfishness What are the 3 explanations for altruism? Be able to provide examples for each explanation. - Answer-1) Selfishness: Helping actually benefits yourself 2) Inclusive fitness: Help relatives 3) Reciprocal altruism: Help others in return for future help for yourself Evidence for selfishness hypothesis: - Ferguson et al. (2008): Beliefs in personal benefit predicted actual future blood donation better than beliefs in societal benefit. Evidence for inclusive fitness hypothesis:- Adoption patterns in Oceania (Silk) Evidence for inclusive fitness hypothesis: - Alarm calls in Belding's ground squirrels Evidence for reciprocal altruism hypothesis: - Blood meal donation in vampire bats What types of psychological studies were spurred by the murder of Kitty Genovese? - Answer-Have a confederate pretend to drop a lot of books/bags they were carrying Someone pretends their car was broken down on the side of the road Point of the studies was to see what factors would influence whether or not people helped. What is the bystander effect? What factors influence the strength of the bystander effect? - AnswerBystander effect: As the number of people present increases, the likelihood of helping decreases. 1) Influencing factors: 2) Ambiguity 3) Cohesiveness Diffusion of responsibilityAmbiguity: More helping if clearer that person truly needs help Cohesiveness: More helping if member of established group; social responsibility norm What is diffusion of responsibility? - Answer-Diffusion of responsibility: Assume someone else will help, especially if large group of bystanders