Immunology past exams with 100% correct answers(latest update)

The world of surgery in prior to the 1900's was primitive by our standards. Although Fracastoro of Verona in 1546 theorized that small germs could cause contagious diseases, no one associated them with wound infections. Bed linen and laboratory coats were not routinely washed, and surgical instruments were only cleaned before they were put away for storage. The same probe was used for the wounds of all patients during rounds to look for pockets of undrained pus. Pain and pus were considered part of normal healing. Operative procedures were only occasionally performed other than for amputation. Sir J.E. Erichsen, a future President of the Royal College of Surgeons, stated "The abdomen, chest and brain will forever be closed to operations by a wise and humane surgeon.". Enter center stage, a young man by the name of __________________________. This young man had the genius idea to take the work of Pasteur on the et Joseph Lister To support research on Polio, Americans were asked to: Send a dime to the White House A City sanitation worker is struck by a car and his leg is crushed against his sanitation truck. The extreme trauma to the leg necessitates amputation above the knee. Although the patient's health records reflect a tetanus booster 6 years ago, pooled anti-tetanus antibodies are injected around the macerated tissue. Administration of the anti-tetanus antibodies is an example of which type of immunity: Passive immunity "Clonal deletion" and "Clonal anergy" both result as self cells are stimulated to undergo apoptosis. False When a bacterium or virus that cannot transmit disease in humans is modified to carry gene(s) encoding an antigen and used as a vaccine, we call this bacterium or virus a(n): vector Toll-like receptors or "Toll proteins" were initially discovered in: Drosophila "Complement proteins" are found to circulate in: Blood SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus that causes COVID-19 and this is an acronym for Severe Acquired Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus -2. False B cells, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells are "Antigen Presenting Cells". True Immunization is an example of PASSIVE immunity. False The safest type of vaccine to give to immunocompromised persons, older persons, or persons having recently undergone chemotherapy would be: A subunit vaccine The 1918 so called "Spanish Flu" pandemic eventually ended coinciding with a vaccine being developed to this viral strain and penicillin being distributed to those afflicted. False Two macrophages, Clyde and Bernie, are sitting in the submucosa adjacent to a busy venule, watching antigenic traffic go by. They are looking for suspicious cells that must be apprehended. These suspicious cells have certain characteristic features. Suddenly Clyde says, "Hey, Bernie, see that cell with the nonhuman stuff on it. Let's get it." Which of the following substances is this cell most likely to have? Mannose Every person (with the exception of identical twins) has a different population of Naïve B cells. False Adjuvants are added to vaccines to stimulate the success of the vaccine. True A "humoral immune response" involves: Antibodies The vector responsible for transmitting Malaria: Anopheles The vaccine against Human Papillomavirus confers protection against: Cervical cancer In humans, MHC antigens are often referred to as HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen). True COVID-19 stands for: Corona Virus Disease 2019. True Mutation back to a virulent form of the virus is a concern with: Attenuated vaccines PRR's of a cell like a macrophage can be extracellular, cytosolic, or endosomal. True "Helper T cells" are also referred to as CD8+ cells. False A 66-year-old man receives his flu shot. A month later he becomes infected with a strain of influenza A that was used to produce the attenuated vaccine he received. Which of the following cells is most critical to prevent the flu for him? Memory B Cells Drosophila (fruit flies) exhibit both innate and adaptive immune responses. False Human red blood cells contain DNA. False The 5 isotypes of antibodies found in humans are called IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgP. False Epidemiologists use contract tracing in both herd immunity and ring vaccination strategies. False The Basic Reproduction number (Ro) will be lower than the Effective Reproduction number (R) during any outbreak in a population if the population remains constant. False Subunit vaccines are grown through successive passages in chick embryos (eggs) to attain an attenuated virus. False A "cell mediated immune response" is carried out by: T cells A latent infection differs from an acute infection as symptoms are not immediately shown. True The Governmental Agency responsible for Vaccine Approval in the United States is: FDA An Fc receptor on a macrophage is an example of a PRR. False The common cold is an example of: An acute infection A Plasma Cell is both an Effector Cell and an Antigen Presenting Cell. False Infantile paralysis was found to strike primarily during: Summer Clonal expansion can occur in: B and T cells only Booster shots are more common with an attenuated vaccine than an inactivated vaccine. False Polysaccharide Subunit Vaccines and considered ______________ and _____________ a booster shot in order to confer an increased _____________ response. T cell independent vaccines, do not require, plasma cell Naïve B cells are present prior to antigen infection and the development of memory B cells is due to BOTH exposure to a protein antigens and T cell help. True Because the Malaria parasite is found in erythrocytes, Malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or the shared use of needles. True Lobsters mount adaptive immune responses. False The toxic bacterium Bordetella pertussis causes: Whooping Cough This is the isotype of the first secreted antibodies made in during a primary immune response. IgM Which of the following cell types can be "memory cells"? Both B and T cells Vaccination is a form of passive immunity. False A 12-month-old child receives the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination. Plasma cells make immunoglobulin in response to this vaccine. These plasma cells are most likely derived from antigen activation of which of the following cells? ACTIVATED B lymphocyte A "Phagolysosome" can be found: In a phagocytic cell as the site of antigen breakdown During hematopoiesis, which cell type is not considered to be of the myloid lineage? Mast cell NK cell Erythrocyte Eosinophil NK cell