USA EIP I Exam 1/Midterm Questions and Answers(A+ Solution guide)

What is Evidence Based Practice? - Answer-An approach to decision making that uses the best evidence available in conjunction with client choices to decide on an option that suits the client best. What are the three components to the three legged stool that define EBP? - Answer-1. Current best available evidence 2. Clinical Expertise 3. Client/Patient Values Who is the founder of Evidence Based Practice? - Answer-Dr. David Sackett What are the 5 steps in the process of EBP? - Answer-1. Posing a clinical question 2. Searching for the evidence 3. Appraising the literature 4. Making a decision 5. Assessing the effectiveness of the intervention (or test/assessment) and one's proficiency with the EBP process (Law & MacDermid, pg 39) What are the common misconceptions of EBP? - Answer-Myth 1: EBP already exists (Reality: Many practitioners take little or no time to review current medical findings) Myth 2: EBP is impossible to put into place (Reality: Even extremely busy practitioners can initiate EBP through little work) Myth 3: EBP is cookie-cutter medicine (Reality: EBP requires extensive clinical expertise) Myth 4: EBP is a cost-cutting mechanism (Reality: EBP emphasizes the best available clinical evidence for each client's situation)(Law & MacDermid, pg. 6) What are the three main types (approaches) of Research? - Answer-1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative 3. Mixed-Methods (Creswell, pg 5) Define Quantitative Research - Answer-- Very data driven; uses true experiments (randomized control trial that provides objective data), uses the scientific method, uses instruments to collect numbered data Define Qualitative Research - Answer-- More subject, collects data by asking open-ended questions to participants, tries to find a commonality within a group of people Define Mixed Methods - Answer-- Collecting both quantitative and qualitative data and integrating them together to get a more complete understanding of a research topic What are the Four World Views? - Answer-1. Postpositivism 2. Constructivism 3. Pragmatism 4. Transformative (Creswell, pg. 6) Which worldview does the Quantitative approach use? - Answer-Postpositivism world view- uses the scientific method to challenge the traditional notion of absolute truth of knowledge; says we cannot be positive about our claims of knowledge; tries to disprove hypothesis rather than support it Which worldview does the Qualitative approach use? - Answer-Constructivism world view- believes that individuals develop subjective meanings of their daily-life experiences; constructivists focus on the specific context in which people live and work in order to understand the historical and cultural settings of participants.Which worldview does the Mixed Methods approach use? - Answer-Pragmatic world view- researcher emphasizes research question and uses all approaches available to understand the problem Describe the Transformative world view - Answer-Takes research and transforms society; the big-picture research; Research is related to political/ social change; the research contains an action agenda for reform that may change lives of the participants or the society we live in. Ex: giving children with disabilities more rights; race and gender equality What is the purpose of a literature review? 3 step process: - Answer-1. Integrate prior studies 2. Connect the dots to see how the topics are related 3. Derive the central Issue What are the steps in conducting a Literature review? - Answer-1. Begin by identifying key words that will be helpful when researching topic in an academic library (ex. PubMed). 2. Search using journals, books, databases using the keywords related to the topic 3. Initially, try to locate 50 reports of research related to your topic. Determine if these articles exist in your school library 4. Skim this initial group of reports and try to obtain a sense if it will make a useful contribution to your understanding of the literature 5. Design a literature map- a visual picture that illustrates how your study will contribute to the literature 6. Draft summaries of the most relevant articles as you put together your literature map. Include references so that you have a complete reference page at the end of your study 7. After summarizing the literature, assemble the literature review organizing it by important concepts. End the literature review with a summary of the major themes and suggest how it further adds to current literature. What are the four types of literature reviews? - Answer-1. Narrative 2. Systematic 3. Meta-analysis 4. Meta-synthesis(Law and MacDermid, pg 158) Define Narrative Review - Answer-- Broad overview of the topic; Review of similar topic articles to draw a meaningful conclusion; lacks an organized approach; An authors opinion on a topic summarizing the published literature; Does not have the same level of "rigor" as systematic review. Define Systematic Review: - Answer-- Most likely to come from Quantitative studies; A specific research question is posed; Uses clear methods to perform a thorough search on a defined research topic; Inclusion and analysis methods are specified typically at similar levels of evidence; minimizes bias and random error; very rigorous, critique process. Meta-Analysis - Answer-- Comes from Quantitative studies; Contains a systematic summary of all the data collected from the studies; these results are presented statistically in a graphic form; review concluding with an overall effectiveness statistic. Meta-Synthesis - Answer-- Comes from Qualitative studies; Different to meta-analysis in that it uses language-based data (from the open-ended questions that were asked to participants) rather than numerical data found in quantitative research. What are the 9 Intellectual Standards? - Answer-1. Clarity 2. Accuracy 3. Precision 4. Relevance 5. Depth 6. Breadth 7. Logic 8. Significane 9. Fairness Clarity - Answer-The article is understandable and the meaning can be grasped Accuracy - Answer-Free from errors or distortions, the article is true (accurate)Precision - Answer-Exact to the necessary level of detail. Could the author have been more specific? are their enough details? Relevance - Answer-Related to the matter at hand; how does it relate to the problem? How does it help us with the issue Depth - Answer-Containing complexities and multiple interrelationships; what factors make this a difficult problem? what are some difficulties we need to deal with? what are some of the complexities of this problem? Breadth - Answer-Encompassing multiple viewpoints; do we need to look at this from a different perspective? Logic - Answer-The parts make sense together, no contradictions; does the first paragraph fit in with the last? Significance - Answer-Focusing on the important, not trivial; is this the most important problem to consider? Which facts are most important? fairness - Answer-Justifiable, not self-serving or one-sided; am I sympathetically representing the viewpoints of others? What are the different types of Egocentric thinking? - Answer-Innate Egocentrisim: (I) Regarding own needs and focuses as the center of all things Sociocentrisim: (WE) Looking at the viewpoint as a social group. Ex. USA students are the best trained and graduate with the strongest skill set than students from other schools (Unit 6 video) What are Biases? - Answer-Allowing assumptions to influence your thoughts; Can be prejudices; Very subjective based on one's past experiences; It is one's personal view(Unit 6 Video) What is Physiognomy? - Answer--Perceiving information through facial expressions -How you use facial expressions to communicate thoughts, ideas, and opinions. (Unit 6 video) Different types of reasoning: - Answer-Clinical Reasoning Conceptual Reasoning (Unit 6 Video) Define Clinical Reasoning - Answer-You are creating and learning basic elements then synthesizing it into future situations so you can adapt and make good judgements on the specific situation. Define Conceptual Reasoning - Answer-Entails the interrelationships and synthesis of information which judgment is made utilizing reflection of self-awareness