A&P II FINAL - Indiana Wesleyan University (IWU) S2024 with 100% correct answers.

Formed elements of blood erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets Granulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils; white blood cells containing granules in their cytoplasm Agranulocytes lymphocytes and monocytes; white blood cells with no granules in their cytoplasm order of abundance of leukocytes neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (NLMEB) Erythrocyte (Physical Description) red, biconcave center Neutrophil (Physical Description) granules in cytoplasm, multi-lobed nucleus (3-6 lobes) Monocytes (Physical Description) Large, U-shaped nucleus, gray-blue cytoplasm Lymphocytes (Physical Description) Nucleus occupies most of cytoplasm Eosinophils (Physical Description) granules in red cytoplasm, bi-lobed nucleus Basophils (Physical Description) granules in dark-purple cytoplasm, bi-lobed nucleus Erythrocytes (Definition) Red blood cells, assist respiratory system (~45% of blood), almost no organelles Leukocytes (Definition) White blood cells, only true cells of formed elements, assist immune system Platelets (Definition) Cell fragments, assist coagulation Why are erythrocytes biconcave? Increase surface area to absorb O2 Structure-Function Relationship of Hemoglobin The four subunits of globin with iron attach to gasses for transport and the globin protein changes shape accordingly Hematopoiesis Formation of blood cells in bone marrow hematopoetic stem cells/hemocytoblast Stem cell for all formed elements in blood Reticulocyte Immature erythrocyte; accounts for 1-2% of all erythrocytes and indicates rate of erythrocyte production Erythropoetin (EPO) Hormone that stimulates RBC production; increased during times of decreased blood-oxygen concentration Vascular Spasm Vasoconstriction triggered by reflexes from direct injury to vascular muscle and serotonin Platelet Plug Formation Platelets adhere to collagen fibers and release ADP to increase platelets at site and thromboxane A2 to increase adhesiveness Coagulation Reinforcement of platelets with fibrin threads and 13 clotting factors