GMS 6440 FUNDAMENTALS FINAL TEST WITH THE ANSWERS
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be voluntary movement. - correct answer-False
It moves involuntarily.
T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - correct answer-True
T/F: In our body, approximately 8 litres of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 ml of water is secreted into the faeces. - correct answer-True
T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle-lung-right
atrium-right ventricle. - correct answer-False
Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle
T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung. - correct answer-False
3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli. - correct answer-True
T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders. - correct answer-False
Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder
T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct. - correct answer-
False
Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct
T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - correct answer-
True
T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors. - correct answer-True
T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called nodes of Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - correct answer-False Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane? - correct answer-Lipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - correct answer-In the cytoplasm
Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - correct answer-passive through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - correct answer-In the extracellular fluid
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a membrane: - correct answer-from a low concentration to a high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - correct
answer-ATP
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - correct answer-False
T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low concentration to a compartment of high concentration. - correct answer-True
T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - correct answer-False
T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - correct answer-False
T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but independently. - correct answer-True
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - correct answer-at equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell membrane? - correct answer-Concentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled by the concentration gradient. - correct answer-True T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus chemical concentration gradients - correct answer-True
T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration differences across plasma membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to K+ is very high. - correct answer-true
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+ - correct answer-K+
T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration. - correct answer-True
T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well as ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - correct answer-True
T/F: Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma). - correct answer-True
T/F: A normal lean person consists of ~ 95% water. - correct answer-False
~60% water
T/F: Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells. - correct answer-False
It is extracellular
T/F: The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids
- correct answer-False
The cell wall (plasma membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluid. The capillary separates the interstitium and the plasma, both sub- compartments of the extracellular fluid.
T/F: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. - correct answer-True
An example is insulin
T/F: Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by active transport. - correct answer-False
All movement across the capillary wall is passive, driven by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressures.
T/F: The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large. - correct answer-False
The total number of particles, irrespective of size, determines osmolality. T/F: All water movement in and out of cell is passive. - correct answer-True
Water movement is drive by solute (osmotic) gradients across the cell wall
T/F: Sodium (Na) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall. - correct answer-True Any Na that does enter the cell will be immediately removed by the Sodium potassium ATPase in the cell wall.
T/F: Eating a meal high in salt, without drinking any water will lead to an increase in both intracellular and extracellular fluid volume. - correct answer-False
This is a Hypertonic expansion: Ingest NaCl stays extracellular, increases the ECF osmolality, H2O moves OUT of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium.
Decrease in ICFV, increase in ECFV.
T/F: A pure water solution can safely be infused intravenously to a dehydrated person. - correct answer-False
Water will enter the surrounding cells causing swelling and lysis. The potassium released in to the extracellular fluid by cell lysis can be fatal. A 5% glucose solution is iso-osmotic to body fluids, so safe to infuse. After metabolism of the glucose this is
equivalent to giving pure water.
T/F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target cells/tissues. - correct answer-True
T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone. - correct answer-True
T/F: Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus) of target cells. - correct answer-False
T/F: GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. - correct answer-True
T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - correct answer-False
T/F: Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the target cell through a channel in the receptor. - correct answer-True
T/F: Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins. - correct answer-False
T/F: Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases are one type of Catalytic Receptor. - correct answer-True
T/F: Receptors for Thyroid Hormone and steroids are always on the surface (plasma membrane) of target cells. - correct answer-False
T/F: Dimerization is important for some catalytic receptors, but never for steroid hormone receptors. - correct answer-False
T/F: The nervous system is usually divided into 3 anatomical components. - correct answer-False
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be voluntary movement. - correct answer-False
It moves involuntarily.
T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - correct answer-True
T/F: In our body, approximately 8 litres of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 ml of water is secreted into the faeces. - correct answer-True
T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle-lung-right
atrium-right ventricle. - correct answer-False
Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle
T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung. - correct answer-False
3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli. - correct answer-True
T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders. - correct answer-False
Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder
T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct. - correct answer-
False
Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct
T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - correct answer-
True
T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors. - correct answer-True
T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called nodes of Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - correct answer-False Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane? - correct answer-Lipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - correct answer-In the cytoplasm
Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - correct answer-passive through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - correct answer-In the extracellular fluid
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a membrane: - correct answer-from a low concentration to a high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - correct
answer-ATP
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - correct answer-False
T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low concentration to a compartment of high concentration. - correct answer-True
T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - correct answer-False
T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - correct answer-False
T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but independently. - correct answer-True
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - correct answer-at equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell membrane? - correct answer-Concentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled by the concentration gradient. - correct answer-True T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus chemical concentration gradients - correct answer-True
T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration differences across plasma membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to K+ is very high. - correct answer-true
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+ - correct answer-K+
T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration. - correct answer-True
T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well as ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - correct answer-True
T/F: Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma). - correct answer-True
T/F: A normal lean person consists of ~ 95% water. - correct answer-False
~60% water
T/F: Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells. - correct answer-False
It is extracellular
T/F: The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids
- correct answer-False
The cell wall (plasma membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluid. The capillary separates the interstitium and the plasma, both sub- compartments of the extracellular fluid.
T/F: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. - correct answer-True
An example is insulin
T/F: Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by active transport. - correct answer-False
All movement across the capillary wall is passive, driven by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressures.
T/F: The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large. - correct answer-False
The total number of particles, irrespective of size, determines osmolality. T/F: All water movement in and out of cell is passive. - correct answer-True
Water movement is drive by solute (osmotic) gradients across the cell wall
T/F: Sodium (Na) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall. - correct answer-True Any Na that does enter the cell will be immediately removed by the Sodium potassium ATPase in the cell wall.
T/F: Eating a meal high in salt, without drinking any water will lead to an increase in both intracellular and extracellular fluid volume. - correct answer-False
This is a Hypertonic expansion: Ingest NaCl stays extracellular, increases the ECF osmolality, H2O moves OUT of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium.
Decrease in ICFV, increase in ECFV.
T/F: A pure water solution can safely be infused intravenously to a dehydrated person. - correct answer-False
Water will enter the surrounding cells causing swelling and lysis. The potassium released in to the extracellular fluid by cell lysis can be fatal. A 5% glucose solution is iso-osmotic to body fluids, so safe to infuse. After metabolism of the glucose this is
equivalent to giving pure water.
T/F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target cells/tissues. - correct answer-True
T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone. - correct answer-True
T/F: Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus) of target cells. - correct answer-False
T/F: GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. - correct answer-True
T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - correct answer-False
T/F: Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the target cell through a channel in the receptor. - correct answer-True
T/F: Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins. - correct answer-False
T/F: Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases are one type of Catalytic Receptor. - correct answer-True
T/F: Receptors for Thyroid Hormone and steroids are always on the surface (plasma membrane) of target cells. - correct answer-False
T/F: Dimerization is important for some catalytic receptors, but never for steroid hormone receptors. - correct answer-False
T/F: The nervous system is usually divided into 3 anatomical components. - correct answer-False
