Pathophysiology Midterm 1 Exam Questions And All Correct Answers/graded a+ guaranteed pass/2024.

What is the term to describe your body maintaining a dynamic, steady, internal state? - correct answer homeostasis Describe homeostasis. - correct answer when your body maintains a dynamic, steady, internal state "Pathology can result from generally disrupting __." - correct answer homeostasis What is the term for an interruption, cessation or disorder of a body or organ system? - correct answer pathology Describe pathophysiology. - correct answer understanding the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and their effect on total body changes What is the term for the cause of disease? - correct answer etiology What is idiopathic etiology? - correct answer when the cause of a disease is unknown What is the term for the side effects that may occur during medical treatment? - correct answer iatrogenic etiology List some examples of etiological factors. - correct answer trauma, genetics, infections, bacteria, environment, lifestyle Define risk factors. - correct answer multiple factors that predispose an individual to a particular disease What is the term for the development of a condition or the events that lead to the diseases full expression. - correct answer pathogenesis Define manifestation. - correct answer the consequences of a disease's process What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? Give an example of each. - correct answer a sign is an objective perception of a clinical manifestation (temperature, blood pressure, heart rate) and a symptom is a subjective one (numbness, hallucinations) True or False? A sign or symptom is only resulting from the disease. - correct answer False; the compensation the body undergoes because of the disease can also be a sign or symptom What is the term for the compilation of signs and symptoms that characterise a specific disease state? - correct answer syndrome Define diagnosis. - correct answer the identification of a disease through different procedures List a few diagnostic lab tests. - correct answer CT, MRI, EKG, blood test, urine analysis, X-ray What does it mean when a diagnostic test is a false negative? - correct answer it means the test to diagnose a disease came back negative but the diease was actually present What can you do to make sure a diagnosis is accurate? - correct answer repeating a diagnostic test What is the term for the prediction of a probable outcome of a disease? - correct answer prognosis How many levels of prevention do we have for a disease? What is the main focus in each level? - correct answer 3; in the primary level you are proactive to prevent disease from occurring (like immunizations), in the secondary level you are asymptomatic and you treat early (like a colonoscopy), in the tertiary level you reduce complications (like using antibiotics) Define complication. - correct answer a disease or injury that develops during the treatment of an earlier disorder What is the term for the study of disease occurrence in human populations? - correct answer epidemiology What is a biopsy? (@) - correct answer an examination of tissue removed from the body to discover presence or cause of disease What is the term for the beginning of a disease state being very rapid? Very slow? - correct answer acute onset; chronic onset What is the latent period? (@) - correct answer the time between infection and onset of symptoms What is the prodromal period? - correct answer the time between infection and actual clinical manifestation What is the term given to the widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. - correct answer epidemic What is the term given to the occurence or rate of a disease? - correct answer incidence Define prevalence. - correct answer the commonness of a disease Define precipitating factor. (@) - correct answer factor that causes or triggers the onset of a disorder True or False? A precipitating factor is also known as an etiological factor. (@) - correct answer False; an etiological factor causes the disease itself but a precipitating factor triggers the onset of it What is cellular differentiation? - correct answer the formation of specialised cells from less specialised embryonic cells "Cells react to their environment by differentiating. They do this by altering gene expression. This is called __." - correct answer cellular adaptation "If homeostasis is disrupted, a cell undergoes cellular adaptation. If the stress is beyond adaptation, it results in __." - correct answer cell injury List the 5 forms of cellular adaptation. - correct answer atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia Describe atrophy. - correct answer the decrease in cell size with aims to decrease work demands (smaller cell means less organelles which means less oxygen use for example) List all 7 causes of atrophy. - correct answer disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starving, pressure, endocrine malfunction and aging Describe denervation atrophy. - correct answer if your cells get smaller because the nerve that controls their function is damaged What is ischemia? - correct answer a reduction or loss in bloodflow Describe ischemic atrophy. - correct answer smaller cells because of reduced or lack of blood supply Describe pressure atrophy. - correct answer atrophy due to pressure exerted on healthy tissue by abnormal tissue Arteriosclerosis can cause what kind of atrophy? - correct answer ischemic atrophy A tumor can cause what kind of atrophy? - correct answer pressure atrophy Describe endocrine atrophy - correct answer atrophy due to lack of hormonal stimulation Menopause is an example of what kind of atrophy? - correct answer endocrine atrophy