Ocean 100 Final – SDSU Exam Study Guide Graded A

Euphotic zone - first 200 meters -where photosynthesis can take place -suns radiation can be absorbed Seed Plants - -true plants -not very abundant -grasses, eelgrass and surfgrass -mangroves -like warm, muddy waters -have a root system Protists - a) large algae(seaweed) -brown algae(kelp), green (sponge weed), red (rhodophyta) b) phytoplankton(small algae) -most producers -diatoms -coccolithophores -dinoflagellates Eukaryotes - seed plants and protists Prokaryotes - -ancient and very old -blue-green algae, cyanobacteria -first photosynthesizers, phytoplankton (chalk) -red algae is adapted to survive at greater depths (irish moss) regions of high productivity - -polar regions -coasts -coral reefs polar regions - -no thermocline -great amounts of sea life coasts - -upwelling b/c eckman transport(winds moving water) -nutrients coming from land coral reefs - very productive regions of low productivity - -subtropical gyres -far from coasts -water doesn't move up or down -no upwelling -very high thermocline energy flow - -Producers -Consumers producers - -all photosynthetic -autotrophs-self surviving (produce their own food) consumers - -all animals -heterotrophs -must consume other organisms (can't stay alive if they don't) vertebrates - fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Adaptations to the Marine Environment - 1. Swimming/buoyancy 2. Avoiding Predators 3. Gas Exchange 4. Adaptations of deep sea fishes Diffusion - there is a higher concentration of C02 in the water as the fish breathes there is a lower concentration of C02 in the blood Bony fishes - -osteichthyes -most successful group in the oceans Placoderms - -armored jawed fishes -400 mya -some of the oldest fishes Cartilaginous fish - -chondrichthyes -sharks, rays -been around for ~300 million years Sharks - 1) 80% of all species are not dangerous 2) Remarkable senses: lateral line 3) Very successful, well adapted fishes Whale Shark - -largest fish (15meters ~45 feet long) -feeds on plankton and krill Characteristics of ALL Mammals - -mammary glands -hair/fur -live young Marine Mammals - -streamline body -high metabolism