child psychology Two Physical Growth Test Review Questions with Accurate Answers 2023/2024

child psychology Two Physical Growth Test Review Questions with Accurate Answers 2023/2024 Know the main factors that affect physical growth - correct answer o Heredity o Nutrition o Infectious Disease o Emotional Well-Being what gender differences (and similarities) exist in relation to physical growth - correct answer o Menarche: First menstruation o Spermarche: First ejaculation o Growth spurt much later in the sequence of pubertal events for boys than for girls *Milestones on p. 204 Understand the basics of brain/neuron growth as well as related terms (ex: the different lobes, lateralization, pruning, etc.) - correct answer o Neurons: Nerve cells that store and transmit information o Synapses: Tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch o Neurotransmitters: Chemicals released across synapses so neurons can send messages o Lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal o Cerebellum: Structure that aids in balance and control of body movement o Reticular Formation: Structure that maintains alertness and consciousness o Hippocampus: Plays a vital role in memory o Amygdala: Central role in processing emotional information o Corpus Callosum: Large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain o Pruning: Returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development o Lateralization: Specialization of the two hemispheres o Glial Cells: Take up half the brain's volume, responsible for myelination o Myelination: Coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath, improves efficiency of message transfer What is the difference between experience-expectant and experience-dependent brain growth? - correct answer o Experience-expectant Brain Growth: Refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences - opportunities to interact with people, hear language and other sounds, see and touch objects, and move about and explore the environment. *Ex: As a result of millions of years of evolution, the brains of all infants, toddlers, and young children expect to encounter these experiences and, if they do, grow normally. o Experience-dependent Brain Growth: Occurs throughout our lives. It consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures. *Ex: Reading and writing, playing computer games, weaving an intricate rug, and practicing the violin. In the "Factors Affecting Physical Growth" section, focus on nutrition over infectious disease and emotional well-being. - correct answer o Breastfeeding v. Bottle-Feeding: Breast milk is easily digestible, provides correct balance of fat and protein, ensures healthy physical growth, protects against diseases, protects against tooth decay & faulty jaw development, and smooths transition to solid foods. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and inclusion of breast milk in the baby's diet until at least 1 year (usually switching with formula). Know the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics - correct answer o Primary Sexual Characteristics: Involve the reproductive organs directly (ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females; penis, scrotum, and testes in males). o Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Visible on the outside of the body and serve as additional signs of sexual maturity (for example, breast development in females and the appearance of underarm and pubic hair in both sexes).