Questions with Latest Update
How can small soluble signals cross membranes? - ANSWER-Gap-junctions
How can hydrophobic (lipid soluble) molecules cross membranes? - ANSWER-Diffuse
How can hydrophilic molecules cross membranes? - ANSWER-Pump/transporter
system, ion channels, vesicle fusion, indirect
What molecules can be packaged in vesicles? - ANSWER-proteins, peptides, amino
acids, nucleotides
What ions can travel via channels or transporters? - ANSWER-metal ions
What molecules can diffuse across membranes? - ANSWER-Gases and steroids
What is the fastest receptor? - ANSWER-ionotropic
What is the slowest receptor? - ANSWER-Steroid
How do ionotropic receptors work? - ANSWER-When ligand binds extracellular site,
opens ion channel and lets in ions of a specific charge.
How do metabotropic receptors work? - ANSWER-When ligands bind extracellular side,
causes G-proteins to bind to intracellular side, and causes cellular changes in general
cell activity and gene expression.
How do kinase-linked receptors work? - ANSWER-They phosphorylate proteins which
allows gene transcription to be regulated.
How do steroid receptors work? - ANSWER-affect gene expression within the nucleus
What are the signals for UB branching? - ANSWER-GDNF, Ret and GFR1a
Evidence for UB branching - ANSWER-UB and MM do not grow when separated, but
grow when reattached after separation
receptor response speed: ionotropic - ANSWER-