cognitive psychology final (GWU)

Analogy - correct answer the use of information from one domain to help solve a problem in another difference reduction - correct answer a problem-solving method that involves minimizing the difference between the present situation and the desired one means-end analysis - correct answer heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference Heuristic - correct answer a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible. functional fixedness - correct answer the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving problem space - correct answer The initial state, goal state, and all the possible intermediate states for a particular problem. Einstellung effect (set effect) - correct answer when People's experiences can bias them to prefer certain operators when solving a problem. semantic priming - correct answer The phenomenon by which hearing or reading a word partially activates other words that are related in meaning to that word, making the related words easier to recognize in subsequent encounters. insight problems - correct answer in which people are not aware that they are close to a solution problems that are specially designed to be unsolvable until one looks at them in a way that is different from the usual way answer comes in a sudden flash and doesn't involve lots of computations routine problems - correct answer Consists of procedures that have been performed many times, people are aware when they are close to a solution 4 basic components of natural language - correct answer • a message • rules or physical constraints • a medium of communication • social constraints reference principle - correct answer When learning their native language, children interpret utterances to be about objects/nouns and not the feelings of the speaker whole object principle - correct answer when learning their native language, children show a preference for identifying words with whole objects rather than part of an object Semantics - correct answer Meaning of words and sentences nonredundancy of words principle - correct answer when children learn their native language, they act