WGU psychology c180

What is the independent variable - correct answer the cause of change What is the dependent variable - correct answer the effect What is the main difference between a correlation and an experiment - correct answer correlation discovers relationship among variables and predicts future events. Experiment provides more definitive conclusion from causal relationship. How is a sample different from a population - correct answer smaller subset of population List 2 issues in conducting ethical research in psychology - correct answer Prevent harm and free choice. Hypothalamus - correct answer pleasurable activities associated with eating, drinking, and sexual behavior Thalamus - correct answer relay station for all senses except smell Hippocampus - correct answer associated with converting short-term memories into long-term memories Cerebellum - correct answer balance and body posture Corpus Callosum - correct answer Connective tissue that links the two brain hemispheres Pituitary Gland - correct answer Master gland within the endocrine system Pancreas - correct answer produces insulin Parietal lobe - correct answer sensation and spatial awareness Occipital lobe - correct answer vision Frontal lobe - correct answer thinking, personality Temporal lobe - correct answer hearing List 2 types of neurotransmitters - correct answer dopamine, serotonin axon - correct answer long fiber that transmits information away from cell body to other neurons dendrite - correct answer treelike fiber that collects information from other cells and sends to soma myelin sheath - correct answer insulates axon to increase speed of neural messages Where does the myelin sheath grow and what is its purpose - correct answer Grows around the axons. Purpose is to insulate. Harold goes to check out an empty house. He hears a noise and thinks it could be a stray cat - correct answer Which behavior is the sensation? hears a noise. Which behavior is the perception? he thinks its a stray cat Provide a real world example of subliminal messaging - correct answer The amazon logo. The arrow points from a to z which is that they sell everything and anything. Provide a real world example of top-down perception - correct answer Walking into the kitchen and smelling smoke. Provide a real world example of absolute threshold - correct answer Hearing clock's minute hand tick tock at night. any senses. Provide a real world example of inattentional blindness - correct answer choosing to tune out to focus on one thing. Non-REM 1 - correct answer theta waves. Some loss of muscle tone. Jerking movements Non-REM 2 - correct answer sleep spindles. 50% of total sleep Non-REM 3 - correct answer delta waves. slow wave. deepest of sleep. Occurs at beginning of sleep. Sleep walking, bed wetting, talking and nightmares occur. REM - correct answer 20-25% of sleep. vivid dreams, body does not move and movements occur in dreams. too much can have neg impact on mood and leave you tired. affects cognitive capacity. Provide an example of drug tolerance - correct answer A person taking so much pain medication that they require more pain medication to get same effect. Contrast hypnosis and meditation - correct answer Hypnosis is to facilitate increased suggestibility and dissociated experiences and facilitated by someone else. Meditation alters consciousness and attention by relaxation, deep breathing and concentrated focus facilitated by yourself List the 3 stages of prenatal development and indicate how long each one lasts - correct answer 1) zygote- 1-2 weeks 2) embryonic- 3-8 weeks 3) fetal- 9-birth List and briefly describe Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development; include the age range for each - correct answer 1) sensorimotor- child experiences senses of seeing, hearing, touching and tasting. 2) preoperational- Child starts to see world from other peoples perspectives. 3) concrete operational- Performs operations and thinks logically. 4) formal operational- abstract thoughts, understand ethics and scientific reasoning. List and briefly describe Erikson's 8 stages of personality development; include the age range for each - correct answer 1) trust vs mistrust - infant to 18 mths 2) autonomy vs shame- 18mth- 3yrs 3) initiative vs guilt - 3-5 yrs 4) industry vs inferiority- 5-12yrs 5) identity vs role confusion- 13-21yrs 6) intimacy vs isolation- 21-39yrs 7) generativity vs stagnation- 40-65yrs 8) ego integrity vs despair- 65 and older Resistant - correct answer the child is upset when the parent leaves him with the stranger and is not easily consoled once the parent returns secure - correct answer the child is upset when the parent leaves him with the stranger, but it easily consoled once the parent returns avoidant - correct answer (detached) the child does not get upset when the parent leaves him alone with the stranger and doesn't notice when the parent returns Disorganized - correct answer the child seems confused when the parent leaves him with the stranger, and continues to be confused once the parent returns What are primary sex characteristics for boys and girls - correct answer organs that are involved with reproduction. testes, penis enlarge. vagina, ovaries and uterus develop. What are secondary sex characteristics for boys - correct answer adams apple enlarge, voice deepens, pubic and under arm hair What are secondary sex characteristics for girls - correct answer breasts. hips, pubic and under arm hair. How do peers and parents differentially influence adolescents - correct answer adolescents move away from parents and peers become role models. Parents take on monitoring role. List and briefly describe Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development - correct answer 1) preconventional- avoid doing things wrong to avoid consequences. 2) conventional- follow societys rules because you want to be seen as a good person. 3) postconventional- moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice. Describe how the immune system changes as we age - correct answer Immune system declines because recovery takes longer. Describe how memory changes as we age - correct answer Crystallized memory increases, fluid memory decreases Provide a real world example of the Fundamental Attribution Error - correct answer Attribute personality trait to person rather situation. Provide a real world example of cognitive dissonance - correct answer What we tell ourselves when there is a conflict internally. Smoker thinks it is ok by smoking organic cigarette. rationalizing with self. Describe 2 main findings from Milgram's study on obedience - correct answer People listened to authority. Some people were different that they chose what level to shock or not shock at all. Provide a real world example of social facilitation - correct answer Working on a presentation with work mates. Provide a real world example of ingroup bias - correct answer Liking someone else because you share same political views. Provide a real world example of group polarization - correct answer sensitive topics which creates two sides. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination - correct answer Prejudice is thoughts and feelings against a certain race or gender. Discrimination is displaying behavior against a certain race/gender. Provide a real world example of relative deprivation - correct answer feel entitled because other people have it too. When Bill gets back to the dormitory after jogging around the campus, he likes to take a quick shower before going to class. One morning while taking a shower he hears someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water comes rushing out of the showerhead and Bill experiences excruciating pain. After yelling and getting angry, he continues showering. A few minutes later, Bill hears another toilet flush and he leaps out of the shower - correct answer What is the unconditioned stimulus? hot shower What is the unconditioned response? yells and gets angry What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus? toilet flushing What is the conditioned response? jumps out the shower How would you extinguish this response? desensetizing the person to the trigger. turned the water off. What might Bill generalize his reaction to? the flushing toilet. all water is affected by plumbing which can burn you. Ryan was really looking forward to lunch because his mother had prepared a tuna salad sandwich. Unfortunately, the mayonnaise she used had been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long after eating the sandwich, Ryan felt sick and had to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere mention of a tuna sandwich would make Ryan nauseous - correct answer What is the unconditioned stimulus? tuna sandwich What is the unconditioned response? GOT sick What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus? sight or mention of tuna sandwich What is the conditioned response? feeling nauseous How would you extinguish this response? eats sandwich and doesn't get sick What might Ryan generalize his reaction to? chicken salad, anything with mayo